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CHP 1 Intro-Analog and Digital Signals

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8 views22 pages

CHP 1 Intro-Analog and Digital Signals

Uploaded by

dyoseok
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Analog and Digital Signal


Overview
• Analog signal
• Digital signal
• Digital Signal Processing

2
Signal
• A signal is a function that conveys some information.

• It is the information converted into an electrical


form with two types of signals namely the analog
and digital.
3
Examples of Signal
- Image

- Video
 Chrominance signal (Color)
 Luminance signal (Brightness)
 Sync signal

4
Examples of Signal
- Audio/Speech

- Biomedical signals
 An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical signals in the
heart.
 An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of brain activity.

ECG 5
Examples of Signal
- Seismology
Earthquake magnitude signal-measure the amplitude of the seismic waves
generated by an earthquake source and recorded by seismographs.

6
Signal
• Two major categories
- Analog signal
- Digital signal

CSC253 7
Analog signal
Any representation of a
physical quantity that
• typically varies in value
over time,
• has a value at all instants

in time
• contains information.

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Sinusoidal Wave
• Analog signal is usually represented by
sinusoidal wave.
- Sinusoidal wave - term that refer to either a
sine wave or cosine wave
- The sine of any angle can vary from −1 to +1.
- For example the sine of 0° is 0 and the sine of
90° is 1.

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Sine Wave
12
11 1
10 2

3 9
9
4 8
5 7
6

Big Ben

1
0.866

0.5

Sin(0 degree) 0.000


Sin(30 degrees ) 0.500
Sin(60 degrees) 0.866
Sin(90 degrees) 1.000

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Analog Signal Properties
• Amplitude is the height of the wave

• Frequency of a wave is the number of


waves that pass by each second, and is
measured in Hertz (Hz).

crest
• Phase involves the relationship between
the position of the amplitude crests and
troughs of two waveforms
troughs

• Wavelength (λ) is the physical length


from one point of a wave to the same
point on the next wave
11
Other Analog Signal Properties
• An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
• Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
• Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
• Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its minimum
value is negative.

0 volts

Sine Wave Square Wave Random-Periodic


(not digital)
12
Digital Signal
A signal in which the original information is converted into a string of bits before
being transmitted.

13
Digital Signal Generation by Sampling an
Analog Signal

https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7
d:digital-information/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:representing-analog-data-in-binary/a/convert
ing-analog-data-to-binary

CSC253 14
Digital Signal Generation by Sampling an
Analog Signal

CSC253 15
Speech Digital Signal

Before digitization After digitization


CSC253 16
Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice,
audio, video, temperature, pressure that have been digitized and
then mathematically manipulate them.

Signals need to be processed so that the information that they


contain can be displayed, analyzed, or converted to another
type of signal that may be of use.

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Need for signal processing
• When a signal is transmitted from one point to
another, there is possibility of contamination/
deformation of the signal by external noise.
• So to retrieve the original
signal, suitable processing need to be done.

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Types of processing
• Filtering
• Detection
• Recognition and classification
• Coding (Compression)
• Analyzing, modeling

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DSP Application Areas

CSC253 20
DSP Application Areas

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Summary
• An analog signal is continuous in both time and amplitude. Analog signals in the
real world include current, voltage, temperature, pressure, light intensity, and so
on.

• Analog-to-digital signal conversion requires an ADC.

• The digital signal contains the digital values converted from the analog signal at
the specified time instants.

• The digital signal can be converted back to an analog signal by sending the digital
values to DAC

• Digital signal processing finds many applications in areas such as digital speech
and audio, vibration signal analysis, communications, biomedical imaging,
image/video processing, and multimedia.

CSC253 22

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