Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing1

Motivation
Speech- and Data Communication location independent and mobile
New application areas, flexibility, improved workflows

Requirements:
- Mobile end-devices
- Radio transmission
- Localization and signalization/management
- Standards

- Application Concepts for mobile end-devices in distributed systems

- Control of heterogeneous, dynamic infrastructures

Mobile Computing
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing2

Application example: Civil

Engineering, Field Service
Drafts,
Large archives, urgent
Videoconferences modification
ATM ISDN
Building of
enterprise A Building of Architect
(main office) enterprise A
(branch office)
X.25 Selected drafts,
ISDN Videoconferences
ATM

GSM GSM
Construction
supervisor
Material data,
status data, Building site
Building of dates
enterprise B
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing3

WAP-Example: Order processing

Order book
• Status of bond transactions.
• Executed and deleted orders are
indicated in the order book for
some days more.
• Partial execution of some order
is presented as one open and
one executed partial order in the
order book.
• Details to an order could be
indicated via dial-up of
correspondent Links.
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing4

Perspective: Mobile Multimedia

Systems Local Resources,
Error Protocols

Product Data Maintenance Client

LAN-Access
technician
Main office
Caching Mobile Access

- very different performance and charges: radio networks versus fixed

networks

Software-technical, automatic adaptation to concrete

system environment
Example: Access to picture data/compressed picture
data/graphics/text
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing5

Application Structure
Ethernet Ethernet

Distributed DB
Database

E-Fax-Order Branch office

Firm
xDSL

Application GSM Ethernet

Cache
Management
Resource DB-Access

Mobile Station
Distributed
Database
Communication path Client X
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing6

Traffic Telematics Systems

Content Provider

Main Office
Content Provider
ATM

GS Internet
M,
RD
S/T
... MC,
D AB
GS
M
Beam Radio, ISDN GSM

GSM

Radio/Infrared
DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast
RDS/TMC: Radio Data System/
Infrastructure Traffic Message Channel
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing7

Mobile Communication Networks: Examples

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): worldwide
standard for digital, cellular Mobile Radio Networks
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System): European
Standard for future digital Mobile Radio Networks
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System): analog Mobile Radio
Networks in USA
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications): European
standard for cordless phones
TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio): European standard for circuit
switched radio networks
ERMES (European Radio Message System): European standard for
radio paging systems (Pager)
802.11: International standard for Wireless Local Networks
Bluetooth: wireless networking in close/local area
Inmarsat: geostationary satellite systems
Teledesic: planned satellite system on a non-geostationary orbit
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing8

Mobile Communication: Development

C D (GSM900) E (GSM1800)
Mobile Phone Networks
HSCSD EDGE
GPRS

Cordless Telephony CT2 DECT

IMT2000/
UMTS
Packet Networks Modacom

Mobitex
Circuit Switched Networks Tetra

Satellite Networks Iridium/

Inmarsat Globalstar

Radio-LAN
Local Networks IEEE 802.11/ MBS
Hiperlan
IR-LAN

1990 1995 2000 2005

 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing9

Used Acronyms
CT2: Cordless Telephone 2. Generation
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
IMT2000: International Mobile Telecommunications by the year 2000
MBS: Mobile Broadband System
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing10

2. Mobile Communication
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing11

Principles
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing12

Mobile Communication

Tied to electro-magnetic radio transmission

radio transmission

terrestrial orbital (satellite)

broadcast
beam radio equatorial non-equatorial
radio
orbit orbit
cellular non-cellular

Principles:
– Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves
– Modulation methods and their properties
– Multiplex methods
– Satellite orbits/Sight- and overlap areas
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing13

Cellular Networks: Principles

Channels 3 4 2 1
801-1600 4 2 1 5
Interference Zone 2 1 5 7 6
5 7 6 3
7 6 3 2 4 2
R 3 4 R 1
4 2 1 5 7
1 5 7 6
5R

5 7 6 3 4
6 3 4 2
4 2 1 5
Channels
1-800
Channels
1-800 7-Cell-Cluster
(repeat sample of the
Supply- (radius R) and same radio-channels)
interference areas (5 R)
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing14

Cellular Networks: Principles

Cell structure: Example

Reference cell

Cell in the
interference area of
the reference cell

Further cells, whose

channel distribution
should be known to
the reference cell
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing15

Kinds of antennas: directional &

sectored
• Energy is radiated in definite directions, for instance x-
Direction
• So called main propagation directions, for instance
Satellite Antennas
• Often also used in Mobile Radio Systems, such as GSM,
for creation of sectored cells
• Seamless radio supply via partial/overlay of sectors
z
y

x x

Directional Antenna Sectored Antenna

 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing16

Media Access Methods

 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing17

Principles
• Multiplex
– Multiple-shift usage of the medium without interference
– 4 multiplex methods:
• Space
• Time
• Frequency
• Code
• Media Access Methods
– controls user access to medium
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing18

SDMA (Space Division Multiple

Access)
• based on SDM (Space Division Multiplexing, Space Multiplex)
• communication channel obtains definite Space for definite Time on
the definite Frequency with definite Code
• Space Multiplex for instance in the Analog Phone Systems (for each
participant one line) and for Broadcasting Stations
• Problem: secure distance (interferences) between transmitting
stations is required (using one frequency) and by pure Space
Multiplex each communication channel would require an own
transmitting station
• Space Multiplex is only reasonable in combination with other
multiplex methods
• SDMA for instance by base station dedication to an end-device via
Media Access Methods or respectively by segmentation of a Mobile
Radio Network to several areas
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing19

SDMA: Example

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

f1
s

SDMA finds selection

s – secure distance
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing20

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple

Access)
• Based on FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing, Frequency
Multiplex)
• i.e. to transmission channels several frequencies are permanently
assigned, for instance radio transmitting stations

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 f

k6
k5
f1 f4 k4
FDMA finds
f2 selection f5
k3
f3 s f6
k2
k1
t

s – secure distance
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing21

TDMA (Time Division Multiple

Access)
• Based on TDM (Time Division Multiplexing, Time Multiplex)
• i.e. to transmission channels is the transmission medium is slot
assigned for certain time, is often used in LANs
• Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between transmitting and
receiving stations is required

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

TDMA finds f
f1
selection

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k1
t
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing22

Combination: FDMA and TDMA, for

instance GSM
• GSM uses combination of FDMA and TDMA for better use of narrow
resources
• the used band width for each carrier is 200 kHz

f in MHz

960 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 downlink
25 MHz

935,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

915 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
200 kHz
45 MHz uplink
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
25 MHz

890,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

t
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing23

CDMA (Code Division Multiple

Access)
• based on CDM (Code Division Multiplexing, Code multiplex)
• i.e. to transmission channels the definite Code is assigned, this can
be on the same Frequency for the same Time transmitted
• derivates from military area
• via development of cost-efficient VLSI components
• via spread spectrum techniques a good communication security and
tiny fault sensitivity
• but: exact synchronization is required, code of transmitting station
must be known to receiving station, complex receivers for signal
separation are required
• Noise should not be very high
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing24

CDMA

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

f1

CDMA
decoded
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing25

CDMA illustrated by example

The Principle of CDMA can be good illustrated by the example of
some party:
• communication partners stand closely to each other, each
transmission station (Sender) is only so loud, that it does not
interfere to neighbored groups
• transmission stations (Senders) use certain Codes (for
instance, just other languages), they can be just separately
received by other transmission stations
• receiving station (Listener) attunes to this language (Code), all
other Senders are realizing this only as background noise
• if receiving station (Listener) cannot understand this language
(Code), then it can just receive the data, but it cannot do
anything with them
• if two communication partners would like to have some secure
communication line, then they should simply use a secret
language (Code)
• Potential Problems:
– security distance is too tiny: interferences (i.e. Polish und
Czech)
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing26

CDMA-Example in the theory

Sender A
• Sends Ad =1, Key Ak = 010011 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal As =Ad *Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
Sender B
• sends Bd =0, Key Bk = 110101 (set: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
• Transmit signal Bs =Bd *Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)

Both signals superpose additively in air

• Faults are ignored here (noises etc.)
• C = As+ Bs =(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)

Receiver will listen to Sender A

• uses Key Ak bitwise (internal product)
– Ae = C * Ak =2 +0+0 +2 +2+0 = 6
– Result is greater than 0, so sent bit was „1“
• analog B
– Be = C * Bk =-2 +0 +0 -2 -2 +0 = -6, also „0“
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing27

Spread Spectrum Techniques

dP dP
df df

f f

• Signal is spread by the Sender before the transmission (overblown)

• dP/df value corresponds with so called Power Density, Energy is

constant (in the Figure: the filled areas)
Objective:
• Increase of robustness against small band-width faults
• listening security: power density of spread-spectrum signals can be
lower than that of background noise
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing28

Spread Spectrum Techniques

dP dP dP
df df df

f f f

t
• small band-width faults are spread by de-spreading in receiving
station
• band-pass deletes redundant frequency parts
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing29

Mobile Radio Networks:

Overview
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing30

Development of Mobile Radio

General technological development
in mobile telephony Satellite Systems (LEO)

UMTS

GSM Phase II+

Digital cellular
Networks...1800 Mhz

Digital cellular
Networks...900 Mhz

Anal. cellular Prognoses

Networks...900 Mhz

Anal. cellular
Networks...450 Mhz

Analog
Networks...150Mhz

before 1970 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005

 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing31

Correspondent data rates

10Mbit/s
UMTS
(pico cell)
DAB
1Mbit/s
DECT
EDGE
HSCSD/
100kbit/s GPRS UMTS
(macro cell)

10kbit/s GSM
Satellites
Satelliten (GEO)

1995 2000 2005 2010

 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing32

Participant quantities in Mobile Radio –

world-wide
November 2002: 1148 Mio. participants world-wide (1119 Mio. digital & 29 Mio
analog)
53069620; 5%

37534680; 3%
165417440; 14% 365190830; 32% 1
2
3
4
5
137691590; 12% 6
7

369094290; 32%
20059880; 2%

(Source: http://www.emc-database.com)

1... Europe: Western 4... Americas (thereof 15.4 Mio. analog)

2... Asia Pacific 5... USA/Canada (thereof 5.4 Mio. analog)
3... Middle East 6... Africa
7… Europe: Eastern
 Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing33

Frequency Assignment
Circuit Switched Radio Mobile Phones Cordless Phones Wireless LANs

TETRA NMT TETRA CT2 CT1+ GSM900 CT1+ GSM900

380-400 453-457 450-470 500Mhz 864-868 885-887 890-915 930-932 935-960 1GHz
410-430 463-467 (nationally different)

TFTS (Pager, aircraft phones) GSM1800 TFTS GSM1800 DECT UMTS

1670-1675 1710-1785 1800-1805 1805-1880 1880-1900 (1885-2025

2110-2200)
WLAN IEEE 802.11a: 5,15-5,25; 5,25-5,35; 5,725-5,825
IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth HIPERLAN1 HIPERLAN2 HIPER-Link

MHz
2400-2483 2402-2480 5176-5270 (ca.5200,5600) (ca.17000)
2412-2472
HomeRF...(approx.2400) Notes: - 2,4 GHz license free, nationally different
- () written : Prognoses!
TFTS - Terrestrial Flight - today speech over license free frequencies up to
Telephone System 61Ghz -> interesting for high data rates