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Chapter 2 - Cellular Level

Cellular Level

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55 views36 pages

Chapter 2 - Cellular Level

Cellular Level

Uploaded by

reginealcaya011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Chemical Basis of Life

Marc Justin Lapidario, RN


University of the Visayas – College of Nursing
Definition of Terms
• Matter

• Mass

• Weight
• Elements

• Atom
Atomic Structure
• Electrical Charge –
the tendency of particles to be attracted to
each other or repulsed from each other

• Opposite charges attract


• Same charges repel each other
3 types of subatomic particles
• Neutron

• Proton

• Electron
Electrons and Chemical Bonding
• Chemical Bonds-

• Electron Shells
• Valence Shell
• Octet Rule
- The tendency of atoms to combine with other
atoms until each has 8 electrons in its valence
shell
• Electronegativity
- Basically more electrons in a valence shell;
more pulling power.
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
James Bond
Dissociation
• When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their
ions dissociate, or separate, from each other
because the positively charged ions are
attracted to the negative ends of the water
molecules, and the negatively charged ions
are attracted to the positive ends of the water
molecules.
Classification of Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis Reactions
• Decomposition Reactions
• Exchange Reactions
• Reversible Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
When two or more reactants combine to form a
larger, more complex product, the process is
called a synthesis reaction, represented
symbolically as A + B → AB
Decomposition Reactions
Reactants are broken down into smaller, less
complex products. A decomposition reaction is
the reverse of a synthesis reaction and can be
represented in this way: AB → A + B
Exchange Reaction
is a combination of a decomposition reaction
and a synthesis reaction. In decomposition, the
reactants are broken down. In synthesis, the
products of the decomposition reaction are
combined. The symbolic representation of an
exchange reaction is AB + CD → AC + BD
Reversible Reactions
In a reversible reaction, the reaction can run in
the opposite direction, so that the products are
converted back to the original reactants. When
the rate of product formation is equal to the rate
of reactant formation, the reaction is said to be
at equilibrium. At equilibrium, the amount of
the reactants relative to the amount of products
remains constant.
Shocked Reaction
Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
energy caused by the movement of an object
and is the form of energy that actually does
work. A ball held at arm’s length above the floor
has potential energy. No energy is expended as
long as the ball does not move. However, if the
ball is released and falls toward the floor, it has
kinetic energy. When potential energy is
released, it becomes kinetic energy, thus doing
work
Mechanical Energy
energy resulting from the position or movement
of objects. Many of the activities of the human
body, such as moving a limb, breathing, or
circulating blood, involve mechanical energy.
Chemical Energy
is a form of potential energy stored within the
chemical bonds
Synthesis of ATP
Breakdown of ATP

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