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UNIT 6:
INTERPRETING
EVALUATION
RESULTS

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Measures of
Central
Tendency

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measures of style
central tendency
are the averages and tell about the
middle of the data.
• It relates to a point in a distribution
around which the scores tend to center.
This point can be used as the most
representative value for the distribution
of scores.
•It is very helpful in showing where
the average or typical score falls.
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Three commonly used measures of
central tendency- mean, median and
mode will be discussed for ungrouped
(raw) and grouped data. Ungrouped
data are raw data and grouped data
are raw data that have been
compressed into frequency distribution
table for better and easy
understanding.

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 MEAN
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arithmetic style or mean is
referred to as the average of scores or
measures. It is best considered as the
best and most commonly used
measure of central tendency due to
the following qualities:

•It is the most reliable value in which

all the values of the variable are taken
into consideration.The mean is more
stable than the median, or the mode. 5 5
 Since
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meansstyleaverage, it is
best understood and more widely used
measure of central tendency.
• It is used as basis in computing other
statistical measures like the average
deviation standard deviation,
coeffi cient of variability, coeffi cient of
correlation, etc.
• To get the mean sum all data values
divided by the number of values in the
data set. 6 6
 MEAN
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MEAN
Find the mean score of the following
sample data set:

Quiz Scores:
1, 5, 7, 7, 6, 8, 10, 9, 5, 10, 8

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MEAN
Find the mean score of the following
sample data set:

Quiz Scores:
1, 5, 7, 7, 6, 8, 10, 9, 5, 10, 8

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 MEAN
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Find the mean score of the following
sample

Score (x) Frequency (f)

16 5
17 10
18 12
19 8
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 MEAN
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Find the product of x and f.

Score (x) Frequenc fx

y (f)
16 5 80
17 10 170
18 12 216
19 8 152
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 MEAN
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Score(x) Frequenc fx
y (f)
16 5 80
17 10 170
18 12 216
19 8 152
Total 35 618
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 Median
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is the middle number. It is
the value which separates the largest

50%. It is denoted as 𝑥̃ . To calculate the

50% of data values from the lowest

median, place data values in number

order then fi nd the middle number. If
there is an odd number of values, the
number in the middle will be the
median. If there is an even number of
values, then the average of the two
numbers in the middle will be the 15
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Median (Oddtitle style
number of values)

35, 47, 36, 24, 55 ,32, 29, 57,32

1. Arrange the observation in ascending

order.
24, 29, 32, 32, 35, 36, 47, 55, 57

2. Identify the number in the middle or

center. 35
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Mode

The mode is the data value which

appears most frequently in the set.
There might be one or more modes or
no mode for every data set. For
example, in the previous data:
35, 47, 36, 24, 55, 32, 29, 57, 32, 40
The mode is 32 which is repeated two
times.
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Mode
The mode for an ungrouped data is the
value that has the most frequencies.
For example, in the data below, the
mode is 24.
SCORES (f)

30 1

24 2

20 1

19 1

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ClickProperties
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title style Median, and
Mean,
Mode
1. Mean is the most commonly used
measure of central tendency.
2. One drawback of the mean is that
it is heavily infl uenced by a few very
high or very low data values. In these
cases, it is more common to use the
median.
3. The mean is unique but cannot be
found for categorical data or for open- 20
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Measures
of
Variability
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Measure of variability is a single value
that is used to describe the spread of
scores in a distribution. The term
variability is known as variation or
dispersion. It describes how close or
how far is the distance of the scores of
students in a certain test from the
average performance of the group.

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In a data set with a great deal of

variation, the data values would be
spread widely. The histogram of this
data set would be low and wide. An
example is the set of data that follows.

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10
Quiz Scores:

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Common Measures of Dispersion

There are three common measures of
dispersion: range, variance, and
standard deviation.
1. Range. It is the diff erence
between the largest and smallest

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑔 ℎ 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

data values in a data set.

𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
= −

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Variance. It is the average of squared

deviations from the mean of a set of
data. It is calculated using two
formulas depending on whether the
data set being considered is a
population or a sample data set.

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 𝑥 represents the observations

where
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
Population variance 𝜎2 =  𝜇 the population mean
𝑁  𝑁the population size

 𝑥 represents the observations

where
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2
𝑠2 =  𝑥̅the sample mean
𝑛−1  𝑛 the sample size
Sample variance

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Procedure title style a Variance
for Computing
1. Determine the mean of the observations.
2. For each observation, calculate the deviation
(difference( bet. Each observation & mean
3. Calculate the square of each of the
deviations and find the sum of these squared
deviations.
4. If the data is a population then divide the
sum by N. If the data is a sample, then divide
the sum by N-1
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•Standard Deviation. It is the most

commonly used measure of variation. A
measure of the “average” distance of a
data value from the mean for the data set.
It is also the square root of the variance.

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 ∑(𝑥− 𝜇)2
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𝜎 =√
𝑁
Population standard deviation

∑(𝑥− 𝑥̅)2
𝑠= √
𝑛−1
Sample standard deviation

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What is Master title style
the standard deviation in the

4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9
given sample data?

STEPS Actual process and result

1. Determine the
mean of the
observations.

x̄ = 7
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 x x̄ x - x̄
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For each observation, calculate the 4 7 -3
deviation or difference between each 5 7 -2
observation and the mean. Because
5 7 -2
this is a sample data,
We get x - x̄ 6 7 -1
7 7 0
8 7 1
8 7 1
9 7 2
9 7 2
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3. Calculate the square of each
𝑥 𝑥̅ 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2
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of the deviations andMaster
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4 7 −3 9
sum of these squared

we will get (𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2 and 5 −2 4

deviations. This means that

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2. 5 −2 4
6 −1 1
7 0 0
8 1 1
8 1 1
9 2 4
9 2 4
9 2 4
𝑛 = 10 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2 = 32
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 then divide the sum by 𝑁. If ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅)2 32 32
4.
If thetodataedit
is a population,
𝑠= = = = 3.5556
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𝑛 − 1 10 − 1 9
divide the sum by 𝑛 − 1.
the data is a sample, then

𝑠= √3.5556 = 1.8856 or 1.89

5. Find the square root of the
variance to get the standard
deviation.
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•2. Find the mean, median, range and

standard deviation:
• 4, 8, 6, 10, 16, 14, 12, 8.

•a. Mean (x̄ )

•4 + 8 + 6+ 10+ 16+ 14 +12 +8 = 88
•88/8 = 11

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 d. Standard deviation: mean = 11
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• x x-
4 -7
8 -3
6 -5
10 -1
16 5
14 3
12 1
18 7 36
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 d. Standard deviation: mean = 11
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• x x - x̄
4 -7 49
8 -3 9
6 -5 25
10 -1 1
16 5 25
14 3 9
12 1 1
18 7 49
n=8 Total=168

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Normal Master
and titleDistributions
Skewed style

A score distribution a sample has a “normal

distribution” when most of the values are aggregated
around the mean, and the number of values decrease
as you move below or above the mean: the bar graph
of frequencies of a “normally distributed” sample will
look like a bell curve.

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If mean is equal to the median and median

is equal to the mode, the score distribution
shows a perfectly normal distribution.
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SKEWNES
S

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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, student should be able
to;
oDefine the measurement of skewness
oIdentify the measures of skewness
a.) Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness 1
b.) Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness 2
c.) Bowly’s Coefficient of Skewness

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Skewness
- Is a measurement of the asymmetry of
a distribution.

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Measure of skewness

ME AN - i s the average of the numbers i n the

data di stri buti on. It i s cal cu l ated by addi ng
up al l the val ues i n the dataset and di vi di ng
the sum by the number of val ues i n data
set.
Mean = S um of al l val ues i n data set
Total number of val ues

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MEDIAN- When arranging all data in
order (ascending – decending), the one
that comes in the middle of the data is
called the median.

MODE- most frequently used

number in data is called, the mode
of data .
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Types of Skewness
 Positive skewness
 Negative skewness
 Zero skewness

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Positive Skewness

• Positive skewness means the tail

on the right side of the distribution
is longer. The mean and median
will be greater than mode.

• Mean > Median> Mode

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Negative Skewness

• Negative skewness means when

the tail of the left side of the
distribution is longer than the tail
on the right side. The mean and
median will be less than the mode.

• Mode>Median>Mean
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Zero Skewness

• Zero skewness is also known as a

“symmetric distribution”. It signifies
that distribution of data is evenly
distributed around the mean, with
no long tail on either end of the
distribution.

• Mean = Mode = Median 49

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Skewness Formula
S kew ness formul a= 3(medi an-mean)
S tandard D evi ati on (S D )

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Methods to measure Skewness
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Formula

Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness

is a method developed by Karl Pearson to
find skewness in a sample using descriptive
statistics like the mean and mode

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Methods to measure Skewness
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Formula
K arl P earson’s C oeffi ci ent of S kew ness
1. Pearson’s coefficient of skewness #1 uses the
mode.
formula;
S k = mean – mode / Standard Deviation

2. Pearson’s coefficient of skewness #2 uses the

median .
formula;
S k = 3(mean – median) / Standard Deviation
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Methods to measure Skewness
style
Formula
B ow l y’s C oeffi ci ent of S kew ness

Bowley's coefficient of skewness is based on the

quartile deviation, which is a measure of the
spread of a distribution around its median. The
quartile deviation is calculated by finding the
difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the
first quartile (Q1) and dividing by two. In other
words, it measures the spread of the middle 50%
of the data.
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The formula for Bowley's coefficient of skewness is:
Sk = (Q3 + Q1 - 2Med) / (Q3 - Q1)

Where,
Sk is Bowley's coefficient of skewness, Q3 is the
third quartile, Q1 is the first quartile, and Med is the
median.

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