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Class - 1 - Prime Movers

class_1- Prime Movers

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13 views14 pages

Class - 1 - Prime Movers

class_1- Prime Movers

Uploaded by

Oilman006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRIME MOVERS

Definition:
A machine that transforms energy from thermal,
chemical, electrical or pressure form to mechanical form,
typically an engine or turbine.

Petroleum Production facilities:


 Reciprocating engines (Internal combustion [IC]
engines)
 Gas turbines
Purpose:
To provide facility engineers with an understating of basic
engine operating principles and practices as necessary for
selection and application.
Reciprocating Engines
A fundamental law in physics (states of matter)
 Gases expand on heating;

The temperature of any gas held in captivity and


compressed to certain degree would result in
increasing the temperature and pressure of that gas,
it is this temperature that helps in the combustion
process and the resultant pressure (due
to the combustion) helps in moving the piston to
generate the mechanical power needed.

So, typically the heat energy of the fuel converting into


mechanical energy of the engine.
The IC Engine (no matter what fuel it uses)
depends on the air, the fuel and some form
of Ignition or the other, the fuel delivers the
heat required for the combustion to take
place while the air allows the combustion to
happen in the first place.

The ignition is to trigger the combustion


process.
The engine has cylinders within it and each
cylinder comes loaded with a piston,
among other things. Now, as these pistons
move up and down (in a reciprocating
Motion) must be somehow converted to a
rotating motion so that it could be
transferred to the wheels. A crankshaft is
used for this purpose and the power is then
transmitted to the wheels through a system
of gears and shafts (the Transmission
system).
The understanding of how the power is
developed within an engine is easier if we
just talk about one cylinder and what
happens within it.
Chemical Energy of the fuel

Heating the
cylinder & exhaust
gases

Mechanical Energy available, IHP


Internal Friction,
To sustain the process by
providing coolant pumping &
lubricant pumping devices,
FHP
External Energy available, BHP

IHP = BHP + FHP


Basic Components
Four main functions must be performed in the
power cylinder of a Internal combustion engine:

1. Intake – Air and fuel are admitted to the


cylinder
2. Compression – The fuel & air mixture is
compressed and ignited
3. Power – Combustion of the fuel results in the
release of energy – temperature & pressure –
mechanical energy.
4. Exhaust – The combustion products are voided
from the cylinder – cycle completes
These main functions may be
completed in a two-stroke or four
stroke/ petrol or diesel engine.

Stroke-

Piston movement either from BDC/IDC


to TDC/ODC
Four stroke IC Engine

Intake stroke:

During the intake stroke, the


piston moves downward, drawing
a fresh charge of vaporized
fuel/air mixture. The illustrated
engine features a poppet intake
valve which is drawn open by the
vacuum produced by the intake
stroke. most modern engines
incorporate an extra cam/lifter
arrangement as seen on the
exhaust valve. The exhaust valve
is held shut by a spring (not
illustrated here).
Compression stroke:
As the piston rises, the poppet
valve is forced shut by the
increased cylinder pressure.
Flywheel momentum drives
the piston upward,
compressing the fuel/air
mixture.
Power stroke:
At the top of the compression
stroke, the spark plug fires,
igniting the compressed fuel.
As the fuel burns it expands,
driving the piston downward.
Exhaust stroke:
At the bottom of the power
stroke, the exhaust valve is
opened by the cam/lifter
mechanism. The upward
stroke of the piston drives the
exhausted fuel out of the
cylinder.
Four stroke IC Engine

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