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Lesson 3 Animal Reproduction

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63 views21 pages

Lesson 3 Animal Reproduction

Uploaded by

Ericka Fernandez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANIMAL

REPRODUCTION
LESSON 3
AT THE END OF THE SESSION, THE
LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO:

• Identify the different ways on how animals


reproduce.
• Differentiate sexual reproduction from asexual
reproduction.
• Learn the advantage and disadvantage of both types
of reproduction.
HOW ANIMALS REPRODUCE?
• Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological
process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" –
are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a
fundamental feature of all known life; each individual
organism exists as the result of reproduction.
• There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is


produced by a single parent. The new individuals produced are genetically
and physically identical to each other, i.e., they are the clones of their
parents.
• Asexual reproduction is observed in both multicellular and unicellular
organisms. This process does not involve any kind of gamete fusion and there
won’t be any change in the number of chromosomes either. It will inherit the
same genes as the parent, except for some cases where there is a chance of
a rare mutation occurring.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

• Single parent involved.


• No fertilization or gamete formation takes place.
• This process of reproduction occurs in a very short time.
• The organisms multiply and grow rapidly.
• The offspring is genetically similar.
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Regeneration
• Vegetative Propagation
• Spore Formation
BINARY FISSION

• The term “fission” means “to


divide”. During binary fission, the
parent cell divides into two cells.
The cell division patterns vary in
different organisms, i.e., some
are directional while others are
non-directional. Amoeba and
euglena exhibit binary fission.
BUDDING

• Budding is the process of producing


an individual through the buds that
develop on the parent body. Hydra is
an organism that reproduces by
budding. The bud derives nutrition
and shelter from the parent organism
and detaches once it is fully grown.
FRAGMENTATION

• Fragmentation is another mode of


asexual reproduction exhibited by
organisms such as spirogyra,
planaria etc. The parent body
divides into several fragments and
each fragment develops into a new
organism.
REGENERATION
• Regeneration is the power of growing a
new organism from the lost body part. For
eg., when a lizard loses its tail, a new tail
grows. This is because the specialized cells
present in the organism can differentiate
and grow into a new individual. Organisms
like hydra and planaria exhibit
regeneration.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

• Asexual reproduction in plants


occurs through their vegetative
parts such as leaves, roots, stems,
and buds. This is called vegetative
propagation. For example, potato
tubers, runners/stolon, onion bulbs,
etc., all reproduce
through vegetative propagation.
SPORE FORMATION

• Spore formation is another means of


asexual reproduction. During unfavourable
conditions, the organism develops sac-like
structures called sporangium that contain
spores. When the conditions are favourable,
the sporangium burst opens and spores are
released that germinate to give rise to new
organisms.
WORD BANK

• asexual reproduction: a mechanism that produces offspring that are


genetically identical to the parent.
• sexual reproduction: a form of reproduction in which cells containing genetic
material from two individuals combines to produce genetically unique
offspring
• hermaphroditism: the state of having both male and female reproductive
structures within the same individual
• internal fertilization: the fertilization of eggs by sperm inside the body of the
female
• oviparity: a process by which fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and develop
there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg
• ovoviparity: a process by which fertilized eggs are retained within the female; the embryo
obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk, and the young are fully developed when they
are hatched
• parthenogenesis: a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a complete
individual without being fertilized
• sex determination: the mechanism by which the sex of individuals in sexually reproducing
organisms is initially established
• viviparity: a process in which the young develop within the female and are born in a
nonembryonic state

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