LIGHT

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Reflection of Light
 Object can be seen when the light
rays coming from it enter our eyes.
 Luminous object like Sun and lamp
are seen directly because they give
off their own light.
 A non-luminous object are only
seen when they reflect light from a
source like the lamp as they do not
give light of their own.

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 Diffuse Reflection

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 Regular Reflection

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Reflection of Light
 The angle of
incidence, i, is the
angle between the
incident ray and
the normal.
 The angle of
reflection, r, is
the angle between
the reflected ray
and the normal.
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Laws of reflection
 Law of Reflection
 The angle of incidence, i, is equal to
the angles of reflection, r.
 The incident ray, the reflected ray
and the normal all lie on the same
plane.
 These laws are true for all reflecting
surfaces, for plane mirrors as well as
curved mirrors.
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The Image in a Plane Mirror

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 Image in a Plane Mirror:
 Any highly polished plane surface which forms
clear images of the objects by regular reflection is
called a plane mirror. The mirrors are usually
manufactured from a thin glass plate silvered or
coated with mercury (an opaque material) on one
surface
 Aim: To determine the position of image on a
plane mirror.
 Apparatus:
 Standing object (optical pin)
 Mirror
 Graph paper

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Procedure:
 Place the mirror on the graph paper
 Place object in front of the mirror
 Observe the image on the mirror by
counting the number of square on the
graph paper
 Result
 Distance of object and mirror is
equal distance of image and the
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 Image formed by Plane Mirror
 The image is virtual.
 The image is upright.
 The image formed has the same size as
the object.
 The image is as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of the mirror.
 The object and the image is
perpendicular to the mirror.
 The image is laterally inverted. (left-to-
right inversion)
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Ray Diagrams & Mirror

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 Step: 1
 Locate the position of the image behind the
mirror
 Measure the perpendicular distance from
point O to the mirror surface
 Mark off the same distance behind the mirror
to locate the image.
 Step: 2
 Draw the reflected rays
 Join the image I to the eye with straight lines
 Draw dotted lines for the rays behind the
mirror
 Draw solid lines with the arrow heads for rays

13reflected off the mirror. Light

 Step: 3
 Draw the incident rays
 Join the point O to the point of incidence on
the mirror surface. Note that for each ray, the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

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Seeing Images in a Plane Mirror

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Example
 Complete the Figure below to show the
position of the image. Draw two rays from
the point O4 which reflect from the mirror
and enter the observer’s eye.

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 Complete the Figure below to show the position of
the image. Draw two rays from the point A which
reflect from the mirror and enter the observer’s
eye.

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 Using Reflection

A Periscope used to look over high obstacles.

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Room mirror

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Car side mirror

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Blind spot corner mirror

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1. The diagram shows a ray of light reflected
from a plane mirror.

2. What is the angle of reflection?

A. 30 °
B. 60 °
C. 90 °
D. 120 °
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2. An image is formed in a plane mirror.

Which statement must be correct?

C
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3. A ray of light is reflected by two parallel
plane mirrors X and Y.

4. Which statement is correct?

A. The angle of incidence at mirror X is 30°.
B. The angle of incidence at mirror Y is 60°.
C. The angle of reflection at mirror X is 120°.
D. The angle of reflection at mirror Y is 0°.
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4. The diagram shows a child using a periscope
to look at an object on the other side of a
wall.

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Which diagram shows a correctly drawn ray of
light from the object?

C
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5. Which characteristics describe an image
formed in a plane mirror?
A. real and inverted
B. virtual and upright
C. real and larger than the object
D. virtual and smaller than the object

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6. A plane mirror is on a wall.
Which is a correct description of the image
formed by the mirror?
A. the right way up and smaller than the object
B. the right way up and the same size as the object
C. upside down and smaller than the object
D. upside down and the same size as the object

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7. The diagram shows a patient having her
eyes tested. A chart with letters on it is
placed behind her and she sees the chart
reflected in a plane mirror.

How
A 2 far
m awayB 4from
m theCpatient
5m isDthe
7mimageD
of the chart?
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8. Three students stand 2 m apart in front of a
plane mirror which is 3 m long.

Student Y is standing opposite the mid-point

of the mirror.
How many students can see the images of
the other two?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 D
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9. An eye views an object O by reflection in a
plane mirror.
10. Which is the correct ray diagram?

B
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10. A pin is placed in front of, and to the right of,
a plane mirror as shown.
Where is the image of the pin?

C
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11. The diagram shows two divergent rays of
light from an object O being reflected from a
plane mirror.
At which position will the image be formed?

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12. A boy stands beside a girl in front of a large
plane mirror. They are both the same
distance from the mirror, as shown.
Where does the boy see the girl’s image?

A
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13. An object O is placed in front of a plane
mirror. A person looks into the mirror as
shown in the diagram.
In which position is the image of O seen?

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14. The diagram shows a ray of light from one
point on a lamp striking a plane mirror.

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1. The image of the point on the lamp formed
by the mirror is
A. at P and is real.
B. at P and is virtual.
C. at R and is real.
D. at R and is virtual.

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15. An object placed in front of a plane mirror at
O produces an image at I.

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1. If the object moves towards the mirror in the
direction shown by the arrow, in which
direction does the image move?

C
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16. The image of a clock face as seen in a plane
mirror is shown.

What is the time on the clock?

A 1.25 B 1.35 C 10.25 D 10.35

B
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17. The diagram shows the image of a clockface
in a plane mirror.

Which of these times is shown?

A 0225 B 0235 C 0925 D 0935

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18. A student looks at the letter P on a piece of
paper, and at its reflection in a mirror.
What does he see?

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Refraction of Light
 Refraction is a process whereby
light changes direction or bend when
it passes from one medium to
another.
 When light travels from air into glass
or water, its slow down. A medium is
optically dense if it reduces the speed
of light.
 The angle of incidence, i, is the
angle between the incident ray and
the normal.
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 Refraction of light as it passes from air to
glass

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 Refraction of light as it passes from glass to
air

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 Light incident at right angle to a surface of
glass

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Laws of Refraction
 In 1620, Dutch scientist Willebrord Snell
discovered relationship between the angle
of incidence and the angle of refraction
when light travels from one medium to
another.
 The laws of refraction are as follows:
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the
normal at the point of incidence all lie on the
same plane.
2. For two given media, the ratio sin i / sin r is
constant, where i is the angle of incidence and
r is the angle of refraction.
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Refractive Index
 For a light ray passing from vacuum into a
given medium, the constant ration sin i/sin r is
known as the refractive index, n, for that
medium with respect to a vacuum.

 The greater the value of the refractive index n

of a medium, the greater is the bending of
light towards the normal when it passes from
air into the bend.

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 Medium Refractive
index, n
vacuum 1.00
air 1.003
water 1.33
ethanol 1.36
glycerine 1.47
crown 1.52
glass
Quartz 1.54
flint glass 1.64
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diamond 2.42
Refractive Index and Speed of Light
 The refractive index, n, of a medium may also
be defined as the ratio of the speed of light in
a vacuum to the speed of light in that
medium.
speed of light in vacuum
n
speed of light in medium
 The higher the refractive index of a medium,
the slower will be the speed of light through it.
 A medium’s optical density increases as its
refractive index increases.
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 Straw looks bent from the surface

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 Refraction at the water boundary

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 Swimming Pool

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Swimming Pool
 Swimming pool looks shallow compared to its
actual depth;
 At the water-air boundary, light is refracted away
from the normal.
 As a result, the eye sees the light as though it
comes from the point higher up.
 The apparent depth is less than the real depth.

real depth
refractive index, n 
apparent depth

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Example
1. Light (in air) strikes water at an angle of
incidence of 45⁰. If the refractive index of water
is 1.33, what is the angle of refraction?
2. The refractive index of water is 1.33. Calculate
the angle of refraction if light (in air) strikes
water at an angle of incidence of (a) 24⁰ and (b)
53⁰.
3. If the speed of light in air is 3.0 × 10 8 m/s, find
the speed of light in diamond. (Refractive index
of diamond = 2.42)
4. Given the speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 × 10 8
m/s, calculate the speed of light in crown glass
of refractive index 1.52.
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5. The speed of light in a block of glass is found
to be 1.9 × 108 m/s. Calculate the refractive
index of the glass.
6. A solution of sugar in water is found to have
a refractive index of 1.38. Calculate the
speed of light in the solution.
7. Perspex is a form of transparent plastic. It
has a refractive index n = 1.5. A ray of light
strikes the flat surface of a Perspex block
with an angle of incidence of 40⁰. What will
be the angle of refraction?

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 When the angle of
incidence is zero at the
glass boundary, the ray
emerges without
deviation

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 As the angle of
incidence increases,
the angle of
refraction of the
emerging ray also
increases.

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 Critical Angle
In addition to the
refracted ray, there is
also a weak internally
reflected ray.
This happens until a
certain angle of
incidence is reached
at which point, the
refracted ray passes
exactly along the
glass-air boundary

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 Total Internal Reflection

 If the angle of
incidence is
greater than the
critical angle,
then the ray will
not leave the
glass at all.
 It is reflected
internally within
the block.

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Critical Angle
 The critical angle is defined as the angle of
incidence in the optically denser medium for
which the angle of refraction in the optically
less dense medium is 90.
 There is a relationship between the critical
angle c and the refractive index n for a
medium.
1
n
sin c

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Total Internal Reflection
 For total internal reflection to occur, the
following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The light ray must travel from an optically denser
medium towards an optically less dense medium.
2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the
critical angle.

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Example
1. Calculate the critical angle for
1. Glass of refractive index 1.50,
2. Water of refractive index 1.33,
2. A transparent material has a refractive index
of 2.0. calculate the critical angle.
3. Diamond has a refractive index of 2.42. The
speed of light in a vacuum (or in air) is 300
000 km/s. Calculate:
1. the speed of light in diamond
2. critical angle for diamond.
4. A glass prism is made of glass or refractive
index, n = 1.9. Determine the critical angle
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 Applications of Total Internal Reflection

Periscope and Binoculars

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 Application of Total Internal Reflection

Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Camera

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 Application of Total Internal Reflection

Fibre Optics

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Optical fibres for telecomunication

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Medical Endoscope

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1. What causes refraction when light travels
from air into glass?
A. The amplitude of the light waves changes.
B. The colour of the light changes.
C. The frequency of the light waves changes.
D. The speed of the light changes.

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2. What happens to light as it passes from
glass into air?
A. Its frequency decreases because its speed
decreases.
B. Its frequency increases because its speed
increases.
C. Its wavelength decreases because its speed
decreases.
D. Its wavelength increases because its speed
increases.

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3. Which diagram correctly shows a ray of light
passing through a rectangular glass block?

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4. A ray of light passes through a window.
Which path does it take?

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5. A man sees a stone at the bottom of a pool
of water.
6. Which path could be taken by light from the
stone to the man?

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6. The diagram shows a ray of light entering a
block of glass.

Which numbered angles are the angles of

incidence and of refraction?

D
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7. For a certain parallel-sided glass block, the
value of is 1.50.
A ray of light passes
through the block and
emerges at an angle of
60° to the surface of
the block.
What is the value of
the angle marked X ?
A. 19.5°
B. 35°
C. 40°
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8. A ray of light enters a glass block at an angle
of incidence i producing an angle of
refraction r in the glass.

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 Several different values of i and r are
measured, and a graph is drawn of sin i
against sin r.
Which graph is correct?

A
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9. The critical angle for a glass / air boundary is
C.
Which diagram shows the correct path of
the light ray?

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10. The diagram shows four rays of light from a
lamp below the surface of some water.
11. What is the critical angle for light in water?

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11. The diagram shows the passage of a ray of
light through a triangular glass block.
12. What is the critical angle of light in glass?

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12. Which diagram shows total internal
reflection of light?

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13. A ray of light passes from glass into air at an
angle of incidence of 40°. The glass has a
critical angle of 42°.
Which diagram shows what happens to the
ray?

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14. A ray of red light enters a semi-circular glass
block normal to the curved surface.
Which of the following correctly shows the
partial reflection and refraction of the ray?

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15. In which of the diagrams is the path of the
light ray not correct?

D
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16. A ray of light in glass is incident on a
boundary with air.
17. Which path does the ray of light take when
the angle of incidence i is less than the
critical angle?

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17. A ray of light is incident on one side of a
rectangular glass block.
Its path is plotted through the block and out
through another side.
Which
path is
not
possible?

B
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Thin Lenses
 Lenses are the most important practical
application of refraction.
 The human eye, spectacles, cameras,
telescopes and microscopes are all contain
lenses.
 Most lenses are made from glass of clear
plastic.
 In term of structure and function, we can
classified lenses into two categories;
converging lenses and diverging lenses.

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 Converging Lenses

Converging lenses: thicker in the middle

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 Diverging Lenses

Diverging lenses: thinner in the middle

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How Do They Work?
 We can illustrate the action of a lens by
drawing it as a series of prisms.
 Each ray is refracted towards the normal as it
passes into the glass and away from the
normal as it leaves it.
 A converging lens converges (brings together)
rays of light passing through it while a
diverging lens diverges (spreads out) rays of
light passing through it.

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 Converging Lens

Action of converging lens

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 Diverging Lens

Action of a diverging lens

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 Term used in Lenses

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Term Used in Lenses
 The principal axis of a lens is a line passing
through the optical centre, C, of the lens
perpendicular to the plane of the lens.
 The optical centre, C, of a lens is the point
midway between the lens surface on its
principal axis. Rays passing through the
optical centre are not deviated.
 The principal focus, F of a thin converging
lens is the point on the principal axis, to which
an incident beam parallel to the principal axis
is made to converge.
 The focal length, f, of a lens is the distance
99between its optical centre and principal
Light focus.
 The focal plane of a lens is the vertical plane
which passes through the principal focus and
perpendicular to the principal axis.
 Since light can pass through a lens from either
the left of right side, a lens has two principal
foci.

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 Investigating: The properties of images obtained through a
thin converging lens

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Ray Diagrams for Thin Converging
Lenses
 There are three particular rays which can be
drawn accurately in a ray diagrams.
 We choose the two most convenient rays to
locate the position of the image formed.

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 Ray 1

A ray parallel to the principal axis is

refracted by the lens to pass through F

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 Ray 2

A ray through the optical centre C is not

deviated

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 Ray 3

A ray through F is refracted parallel to the

principal axis

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 Converging Lens

To Locate Images Using Ray Diagrams

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Object at Infinity

 Real, inverted & diminished

 Image at opposite side of Object, at F
 Objective lens of telescope
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Object between 2F and Infinity

 Real, inverted & diminished.

 Image opposite side of Object, between F &
2F.
Camera & human eye
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Object at 2F

 Real, inverted & same size.

 Image at opposite side of Object, at 2F.
 Photocopier.
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Object between F and 2F

 Real, inverted & magnified.

 Image at opposite side of Object, between 2F
& infinity.
Projector & objective lens of microscope.
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Object at F

 Real Image at opposite side of Object, at

infinity – used in spotlight.
 Virtual Image on same side of Object, at
infinity – used in eyepiece of telescope.
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Object between C and F

 Virtual, upright & magnified.

 Image on same side of Object.
 Magnifying glass & spectacles for correction of
long-sightedness
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Linear Magnification
 A measure of the effectiveness of an optical
system in enlarging or reducing an image.
Image Distance Height of Image
Magnificat ion  
Object Distance Height of Object
 If the magnification is equal to 1, the size of
the object is the same as that of the image.
 If the magnification is greater than 1 the
image is said to be magnified and if it is less
than 1, the image is said to be diminished.

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Example 3
a) An object 1.5 cm tall is placed 5.0 cm in front of a converging
lens of focal length 8.0 cm.
a. Determine the location of the image.
b. Completely describe the image.
c. Calculate the linear magnification.
b) An object 2 cm high is placed 7.5 cm from a converging lens. The
focal length of the lens is 5 cm. Find by scale drawing the position
of the image. Describe the characteristics of the image.
Determine also the linear magnification.
(On principal axis – scale 1 : 2)
c) A converging lens is used to project an image of a slide onto a
screen 1000 mm from the lens, which has a focal length of 200
mm. The height of the image is 50 mm. By means of a scale
drawing determine
a. The distance of the slide from the lens
b. The height of the slide
c. The linear magnification
(On principal axis – scale 1 : 20)
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 Application of Converging Lens

Camera, Slide Projector, Magnifying Glass &

Human Eyes

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 Camera

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Camera
 It consists of a converging lens and light
sensitive film mounted in a light-tight box.
 The lens can be moved to or fro so that a real,
inverted, diminished and sharp image is
focused on the film.
 The intensity of light that falls onto the film is
controlled by a shutter and variable
aperture diaphragm.
 The shutter controls the length of time that
the film is exposed to light.
 The diaphragm controls the aperture that
allows light pass through.
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 Digital Camera

A digital camera is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by
recording images on a light-sensitive sensor.

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 Slide Projector

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Slide Projector
 A projector uses converging lenses to produce
a real and magnified image.
 The concave mirror reflects light onto a pair of
condenser lens.
 The condenser lenses direct the light through
the slide or movie film to a projection lens.
 The projection lens moved to and from until a
real, magnified and sharp image is focused on
the screen.
 As the image formed is inverted, the slide or
the film has to be put upside down.

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 LCD Projector
An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer
data on a screen or other flat surface. It is a modern analog of the slide projector or
overhead projector.

Click icon to add picture

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 Magnifying Glass

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Magnifying Glass
 A magnifying glass is a convex lens which is
used to produce a magnified image of an
object.
 A magnifying glass works by creating a
magnified virtual image of an object behind
the lens.
 The distance between the lens and the object
must be shorter than the focal length of the
lens for this to occur.

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 Human Eye

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How does the Human Eye work?
 The cornea bends the light through the pupil,
the dark, round opening in the center of the
colored iris.
 The iris and pupil act like the aperture of a
camera.
 The lens help to focus light to the back of the
eye.
 The retina is a membrane containing
photoreceptor nerve cells that lines the inside
back wall of the eye.
 The photoreceptor nerve cells of the retina
change the light rays into electrical impulses
and send them through the optic Light
131 nerve to the
 Short-Sightedness
1. You have blurry 1. Eye is too 1. Prescription
distance vision. elongated from glasses, or
2. You see near front to rear, contact lenses
objects clearly. 2. Cornea has too 2. Laser refractive
3. Your distance much curvature. surgery to re-
vision seems 3. Light focuses in shape the cornea
clearer if front of the retina to reduce its
you squint your instead of curvature.
eyes. directly on it.
Degrees of severity:
Mild:
< -3.00 diopters
Moderate:
-3.00 to -6.00
diopters
Severe:
-6.00 to -9.00
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Extreme:
Short-Sighted
To correct the fault, a concave lens is placed
in front of the eye.

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 Long-Sightedness
1. You have trouble 1. Eye is too short 1. Prescription
seeing near from front to rear, glasses, or
objects. 2. The cornea has contact lenses
2. Your distance insufficient 2. Laser refractive
vision is relatively curvature. surgery to re-
clear, but it 3. Light focuses shape the cornea
becomes less clea "behind" the to increase its
r as you get older. retina, instead of curvature.
3. You may directly on it.
notice eye fatigue Degrees of severity:
when reading. Mild:
< +2.00 diopters
Moderate:
+2.00 to +4.00
diopters
Severe:
+4.00 to +6.00
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Extreme:
Long-Sighted
To correct the fault, a convex lens is placed in
front of the eye.

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1. A parallel beam of light falls on a converging
lens.
2. Which diagram shows what happens to the
beam of light?

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2. In the diagram, the distance OP is the focal
length of the lens.
3. Through which point will the ray shown pass,
after refraction by the lens?

A
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0625/12/M/J/09 q21
3. The diagram shows the path of a ray of light
passing through a principal focus F of a lens.
4. Which broken line shows the direction of the
ray after it leaves the lens?

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4. Three rays of light fall on a converging lens
as shown.

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Which diagram shows the path of the rays after
passing through the lens?

C
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5. The ray diagram shows how an image is
formed by a converging lens.

What is the focal length of this lens?

A 8 cm B 10 cm C 18 cm D 24 cm
B
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6. A lens forms a blurred image of an object on a
screen.

7. How can the image be made sharp and in focus

on the screen?
A. by moving the object away from the lens and screen
B. by moving the screen away from the lens and object
C. by using a brighter object at the same position
D. by using a lens of longer focal length at the same
position

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0625/11/O/N/09 q22
7. An object O is placed in front of a converging
lens of focal length f.
8. At which point will the top of the image be
seen?

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8. An object 5.0 cm high is placed 2.0 cm from
a converging (convex) lens which is being
used as a magnifying glass.
9. The image produced is 6.0 cm from the lens
and is 15 cm high.

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1. What is the focal length of the lens?
A. 2.0 cm
B. 3.0 cm
C. 4.0 cm
D. 6.0 cm

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9. The diagram shows an object O placed 3 cm
away from a converging lens of focal length
6 cm.

What type of image is produced?

A. real, erect and diminished
B. real, inverted and magnified
C. virtual, erect and magnified
D. virtual, inverted and diminished
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10. Two thin converging lenses X and Y are used
as shown to give a focused image of an
illuminated slit. The rays shown are parallel
between X and Y.

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1. What are the correct values for the focal
lengths of X and of Y?

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11. An object is placed in front of a diverging
lens as shown on the scale diagram.
The principal focus F is marked on each side
of the lens.
At which position will the image be formed?

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12. A student starts to draw a ray diagram for an object
at O, near a thin convex lens, but is not sure
whether the image is formed at X or at F.

The correctly drawn image is

A. real and formed at F.
B. real and formed at X.
C. virtual and formed at F.
D. virtual and formed at X.
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13. A thin converging lens is used to produce, on
a screen, a focused image of a candle.

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1. The screen and the lens are moved back and
forth and various focused images are
produced on the screen.
2. Which statement is always true?
A. The image is at the principal focus (focal point) of
the lens.
B. The image is bigger than the object.
C. The image is closer to the lens than the object is.
D. The image is inverted.

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14. What is true for real images formed by a
converging lens?
A. They are inverted.
B. They are on the same side of the lens as the
object.
C. They can never be shown on a screen.
D. They cannot be seen by the human eye.

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15. The human eye has a converging lens
system that produces an image at the back
of the eye.
16. An eye views a distant object. What type of
image is produced?
A. real, erect, same size
B. real, inverted, diminished
C. virtual, erect, diminished
D. virtual, inverted, magnified

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16. A man is short-sighted.
17. Which ray diagram shows what happens
when he looks at a distant object?

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17. In a short-sighted eye, rays from distant
objects are not focused on the retina.
18. Where are these rays focused and what type
of lens is needed to correct the problem?

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18. Which diagram correctly shows rays passing
through a camera lens?

B
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Reflection of light
 Define the terms used in reflection including
normal, angle of incidence and angle of
reflection.
 Describe an experiment to illustrate the law of
reflection.
 Describe an experiment to find the position and
characteristics of an optical image formed by a
plane mirror.
 State that for reflection, the angle of incidence
is equal to the angle of reflection and use this in
constructions, measurements and calculations.

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Refraction of light
 Define the terms used in refraction including
angle of incidence, angle of refraction and
refractive index.
 Describe experiments to show refraction of light
through glass blocks.
 Do calculations using the equation sin i /sin r =
constant.
 Define the terms critical angle and total internal
reflection.
 Describe experiments to show total internal
reflection.
 Describe the use of optical fibres in
telecommunications and state the advantages
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Thin converging and diverging lenses
 Describe the action of thin lenses (both converging and
diverging) on a beam of light.
 Define the term focal length.
 Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and
virtual images of an object by a lens.
 Define the term linear magnification and *draw scale
diagrams to determine the focal length needed for
particular values of magnification (converging lens only).
 Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass
and in a camera, projector and photographic enlarger and
draw ray diagrams to show how each forms an image.
 Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in
the normal eye, a short-sighted eye and a long-sighted
eye.
 Describe the correction of short-sight and long-sight.
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