DC MOTOR CONTROL &

PROTECTION

GITA Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Submitted by-: Ashish Rana Singh Guided By -: Prof. Priyadarsini Pradhan

Regd No.-: 2101287485
Roll No-:2108002
 CONTENTS

[1] INTRODUCTION

[2] TYPES OF DC MOTOR

DC SERIES MOTOR

DC SHUNT MOTOR

DC COMPOUND MOTOR

PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR

[3] DC MOTOR PROTECTION

[4] ADVNATGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR

[5] CONCLUSION

[6] REFERANCES
 INTRODUCTION

[1] A DC motor (Direct Current motor) is an electric motor

that converts direct electrical current (DC) into mechanical
rotational energy.

[2] It operates based on the interaction between a magnetic

field and current-carrying conductors to produce rotational
motion.

[3] DC motors are used in various applications such as small

appliances, electric vehicles, robotics, and industrial machines
due to their speed control and high starting torque.
 TYPES OF DC MOTOR

[1] DC Series Motor SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERIES

MOTOR
• The DC Series Motor is similar to any other motor because the
main function of this motor is to convert electrical energy to • The speed control of DC series motor can be
mechanical energy. attained by using the two following methods
Flux control Method
• The operation of this motor mainly depends on the Armature-resistance Control Method.
electromagnetic principle.
• The most frequently used method is armature-
• The components of this motor mainly include the rotor the resistance control method. Because in this
armature, commutator, stator, axle, field windings, and brushes. method, the flux generated by this motor can be
The fixed component of the motor is the stator changed.
CHARACTERSTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR APPLICATIONS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

• High starting torque, ideal for heavy loads. • Electric trains, trams, and trolleys (traction systems).
• Speed decreases as load increases (inverse speed- • Cranes, hoists, and elevators (heavy lifting).
torque relationship). • Electric vehicles (high torque and acceleration).
• High current at low speeds to maintain torque. • Steel rolling mills (heavy material processing).
• Self-regulating under load. • Air compressors (powerful compression).
• Dangerous at no load, as speed can become too • Conveyors (variable speed control).
high. • Winches (pulling heavy loads).
• Simple construction with series winding. • Mining equipment (robust performance in tough
• Variable speed control by adjusting voltage. condition
• High efficiency at full load.
[2] DC Shunt motor DC SHUNT MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

• A DC shunt motor is a type of self-excited DC motor, and it is also The DC shunt motor speed can be controlled in two
known as a shunt wound DC motor. ways
• The field windings in this motor can be connected in parallel to the • By altering the sum of current flowing through the
armature winding. So both windings of this motor will expose to the shunt windings
equal voltage power supply and this motor maintains an invariable • By altering the sum of current flowing through the
speed with any kind of load. armature
• This motor has a low starting torque and also runs at a constant
speed.
• The DC shunt motor construction is the same as any type of DC
motor. This motor can be constructed with basic parts like field
windings (stator), a commutator, and an armature (rotor).
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR DC SHUNT MOTOR APPLICATIONS

The characteristics of a shunt DC motor include the The applications of shunt DC motor include the
following. following.
• This DC motor works at a fixed speed once the • These motors are used wherever stable speed is
voltage supply is set. required.
• This DC motor is upturned by the turn around the • This kind of DC motor can be used in Centrifugal
motor connections like a series motor. Pumps, Lifts, Weaving Machine, Lathe Machines,
• In this type of DC motor, by a rising motor current, Blowers, Fans, Conveyors, Spinning machines, etc.
torque can be improved without reducing in speed.
[3] DC Compound Motor

• It has both series and shunt field windings. The series winding is connected in series with the
armature, while the shunt winding is connected in parallel.
• The compound motor provides high starting torque due to the series winding and maintains a
relatively constant speed under varying loads due to the shunt winding.
• It offers better speed regulation compared to series motors, making it suitable for applications
requiring a stable speed.
• The combination of windings allows for a smoother start, as the series winding contributes to high
torque initially.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR

• Field Control: Adjusting field current to change magnetic strength

reducing current increases speed, while increasing it slows the motor.
• Armature Control: Varying armature voltage to affect speed higher
voltage increases speed, and lower voltage decreases it.
• Combined Control: Using both field and armature adjustments for precise
regulation.
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Modulating voltage by rapidly
switching the supply on and off for efficient control
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR APPLICATIONS OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR

• Moderate starting torque. DC compound motors are used in:

• Stable speed regulation under varying loads. • Elevators
• Good load handling due to compound windings. • Rolling mills
• Balanced speed-torque characteristics • Punch presses
• Hoists and cranes
• Conveyors
• Heavy-duty machines
 [4] Permanent Magnet DC Motor SPPED CONTROL OF PERMANENT MAGNET DC
MOTOR
• The permanent magnet dc motor can be
defined as a motor which includes a Voltage Control: Adjust supply voltage directly.
permanent magnet pole is called Permanent PWM: Switch voltage on/off rapidly for efficient speed
Magnet DC Motor. control.
• In this motor, the magnet can be used to make Field Weakening: Reduce field strength for higher speeds.
the flux working within the air gap in its place Armature Control: Vary resistance in the armature circuit.
of the field winding. Feedback Systems: Use sensors and controllers for precise
• The rotor structure is similar to the straight speed adjustments.
DC Motor. PMDC Motor’s rotor includes ESC: Combines PWM with added features for applications
armature core, commutator, & armature like robotics.
winding.
CHARACTERSTICS OF PERMANENT MAGNET APPLICATIONS OF PERMANENT MAGNET DC
DC MOTOR MOTOR

• High Efficiency: Lower losses compared to other • Robotics: Actuators and movement systems.
DC motors. • Electric Vehicles: Traction and auxiliary systems.
• Good Torque: High starting torque and good torque- • Conveyors: Powering conveyor belts.
to-speed ratio. • Home Appliances: Vacuum cleaners, washing
• Compact Size: Lightweight and space-efficient due machines.
to permanent magnets. • Power Tools: Drills, saws.
• Easy Speed Control: Can be controlled via PWM, • Fans and Pumps: Cooling fans, water pumps.
voltage adjustments, or feedback. • Medical Equipment: Dental drills, infusion pumps.
• Low Maintenance: Longer lifespan with fewer • Consumer Electronics: Printers, scanners.
maintenance needs.
• Constant Torque: Nearly constant torque across a
wide speed range.
• Temperature Sensitivity: Performance may decrease
at high temperatures.
• Limited Speed Range: Generally lower maximum
speeds than other motor types.
DC MOTOR PROTECTION

• Overcurrent Protection: Fuses, circuit breakers, and

overload relays prevent damage from excessive current.
• Over/Undervoltage Protection: Voltage monitoring relays
shut down the motor when voltage is too high or low.
• Overtemperature Protection: Thermal relays and sensors
prevent overheating.
• Short-Circuit Protection: Magnetic breakers protect
against catastrophic current surges.
• Ground Fault Protection: Relays detect insulation failures
and stop the motor.
• Reverse Polarity Protection: Diodes or relays protect
against incorrect power supply connections.
• Overspeed and Stall Protection: Speed sensors and relays
stop the motor if it runs too fast or stalls.
ADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR DISADVANTAGES OF DC MOTORS
• DC motors have simpler installation and maintenance. • High initial cost.
• DC motors are typically more efficient and make better • Its operation cost and maintenance cost is very
use of their input energy. high due to the presence of commutator and brush
• They have high startup power gear.
• They have high starting torque; it’s as high as 500% • Risk in commutation failure because due to the
compared to normal operating torque. sparking occurs at brush it cannot operate in
• They have fast response times to starting, stopping, and explosive and hazard conditions
acceleration.
• They are available in several standard voltages.
• It offers a wide range of speed control both above and
below the rated speeds.
• Constant torque drives are one such drives that will
have motor shaft torque constant over a given speed
range.
• Free from harmonics, reactive power consumption.
 CONCLUSION

DC motors are widely used in various applications due to their simplicity, reliability,
and easy speed control. They are ideal for situations requiring variable speed and
torque control, such as in electric vehicles, industrial machinery, and robotics.
However, to ensure their safe and efficient operation, proper protection mechanisms
like overcurrent, overvoltage, and thermal protection are essential. With the right
protections in place, DC motors can provide long-lasting, reliable performance,
making them a versatile and dependable choice for many industries.
REFERENCES
THANK YOU