Electronic Devices

10th ed., Global Edition

Chapter 15
Active Filters

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Electronic Devices
10th ed.

Objectives:
◆ Describe and analyze the gain-versus-frequency responses of basic
types of filters
◆ Describe three types of filter response characteristics and other
parameters
◆ Identify and analyze active low-pass filters
◆ Identify and analyze active high-pass filters
◆ Analyze basic types of active band-pass filters
◆ Describe basic types of active band-stop filters
◆ Discuss two methods for measuring frequency response

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 Electronic Devices
Basic Filter Responses

A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects

all others. The passband is the range of frequencies allowed
through the filter. The critical frequency defines the end (or
ends) of the passband.
Basic filter responses are:
Gain Gain Gain Gain

f f f f

Low-pass High-pass Band-pass Band-stop

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 Electronic Devices
Basic Low-Pass Filter

The low-pass filter allows frequencies below the critical

frequency to pass and rejects other. The simplest low-pass
filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across C.
Gain (normalized to 1)
0 dB
–3 dB Actual response of a
single-pole RC filter
Passband
–20 dB
Transition R
region Vout
–2
–40 dB 0
BW dB Vs
/de C
Stopband ca
region d e
–60 dB f
0.01 fc 0.1 fc fc 10 fc 100 fc 1000 fc

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 Electronic Devices
Basic High-Pass Filter

The high-pass filter passes all frequencies above a critical

frequency and rejects all others. The simplest high-pass
filter is a passive RC circuit with the output taken across R.
Gain (normalized to 1)

–3 dB 0 dB
Actual response Passband
of a single-pole
–20 dB RC filter
C
e Vout
cad
de
–40 dB d B/
0 Vs
–2 R

–60 dB f
0.001 fc 0.01 fc 0.1 fc fc 10 fc 100 fc

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 Electronic Devices
Basic Band-Pass Filter

A band-pass filter passes all frequencies between two

critical frequencies. The bandwidth is defined as the
difference between the two critical frequencies. The
simplest band-pass filter is an RLC circuit.
Vout (normalized to 1)

1
R Vout
0.707

Vs C L
BW

f
fc1 f0 fc2

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 Electronic Devices
Band-Stop Filter

A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical

frequencies; the bandwidth is measured between the critical
frequencies. The simplest band-stop filter is an RLC circuit.
Gain (dB)

0
–3 L

Vout
C

Vs R

f
fc1 f0 fc2
BW

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 Electronic Devices
Filter Response Characteristics

Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.

These filters can provide much better responses than the
passive filters illustrated. Active filter designs optimize
various parameters such
A
as amplitude response, v

roll-off rate, or phase

response.

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 Electronic Devices
Filter Response Characteristics

Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.

These filters can provide much better responses than the
passive filters illustrated. Active filter designs optimize
various parameters such
A
as amplitude response, v

roll-off rate, or phase

response.

Butterworth: flat amplitude response

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 Electronic Devices
Filter Response Characteristics

Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.

These filters can provide much better responses than the
passive filters illustrated. Active filter designs optimize
various parameters such
A
as amplitude response, v

roll-off rate, or phase

response.

Bessel: linear phase response

f

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 Electronic Devices
Filter Response Characteristics

Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.

These filters can provide much better responses than the
passive filters illustrated. Active filter designs optimize
various parameters such
A Chebyshev: rapid roll-off characteristic
as amplitude response, v

roll-off rate, or phase

response.

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 Electronic Devices
The Damping Factor

The damping factor primarily determines if the filter will

have a Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Bessel response.
R1
DF 2 
R2
Frequency-
The term pole has mathematical Vin selective +
RC circuit
significance with the higher level Vout
–
math used to develop the DF Amplifier R1
values. For our purposes, a pole
is the number of non-redundant
R2
reactive elements in a filter. For
example, a one-pole filter has Negative feedback circuit

one resistor and one capacitor.

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 Electronic Devices
The Damping Factor

Parameters for Butterworth filters up to four poles are given

in the following table. (See text for larger order filters).
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235

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 Electronic Devices
The Damping Factor

Parameters for Butterworth filters up to four poles are given

in the following table. (See text for larger order filters).
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
Notice that the gain is 1 more than this resistor ratio. For
example, the gain implied by this ratio is 1.586 (4.0 dB).

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

As an example, a two-pole VCVS Butterworth filter is

designed in this and the following slides. Assume the fc
desired is 1.5 kHz. A basic two-pole low-pass filter is shown.
CA

4.7 nF
RA RB
Vin +
CB
22 kW 22 kW Vout
4.7 nF
– R1

R2

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

As an example, a two-pole VCVS Butterworth filter is

designed in this and the following slides. Assume the fc
desired is 1.5 kHz. A basic two-pole low-pass filter is shown.
CA

Step 1: Choose R and C for the

desired cutoff frequency based 4.7 nF
RA RB
on the equation f c  1 Vin +
2 RC 22 kW 22 kW
CB
Vout
4.7 nF
By choosing R = 22 kW, – R1

then C = 4.8 nF, which is close

to a standard value of 4.7 nF. R2

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

Step 2: Using the table for the Butterworth filter, note the resistor
ratios required.
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

Butterworth filter values

Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
Step 3: Choose resistors that are as close as practical to the desired
ratio. Through trial and error, if R1 = 33 kW, then R2 = 56 kW.

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

The design is complete and CA

the filter can now be tested.

4.7 nF 
RA RB
V in +
C B
22 kW 22 kW V
4.7 nF

o ut

– R1
33 kW
R2
56 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

The design is complete and CA

the filter can now be tested.

4.7 nF 
RA RB
You can check the design using V in +
C
Multisim. The Multisim Bode 22 kW 22 kW B
4.7 nF

V o ut

plotter is shown with the simulated – R1

33 kW
response from Multisim.
R2
56 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Two-Pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

The design is complete and CA

the filter can now be tested.

4.7 nF 
RA RB
You can check the design using V in +
C
Multisim. The Multisim Bode 22 kW 22 kW B
4.7 nF

V o ut

plotter is shown with the simulated – R1

33 kW
response from Multisim.
R2
56 kW

To read the critical frequency, set the

cursor for a gain of 1 dB, which is -3 dB
from the midband gain of 4.0 dB. The
critical frequency is found by Multisim
to be 1.547 kHz.

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 Electronic Devices
Half-Wave Rectifier

What changes need to be made to change the two-pole

low-pass design to a four-pole design?

Butterworth filter values

Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235

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 Electronic Devices
Four-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

What changes need to be made to change the two-pole

low-pass design to a four-pole design?
Add an identical section except for the gain setting
resistors. Choose R1-R4 based on the table for a 4-pole
design.
Butterworth filter values
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235

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 Electronic Devices
Four-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

What changes need to be made to change the two-pole

low-pass design to a four-pole design?
Add an identical section except for the gain setting
resistors. Choose R1-R4 based on the table for a 4-pole
design. C A1

CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
22 kW 22 kW CB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW 22 kW CB2
– R1 4.7 nF Vout
3.3 kW – R3
15 kW
R2
22 kW R4
12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Four-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design

What changes need to be made to change the two-pole

low-pass design to a four-pole design?
Add an identical section except for the gain setting
resistors. Choose R1-R4 based on the table for a 4-pole
design. C A1

CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
22 kW 22 kW CB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW 22 kW CB2
– R1 4.7 nF Vout
3.3 kW – R3
The
The resistor
resistor ratio
ratio for
for the
the 1st
1st section
section 15 kW
R2
needs
needs to
to be
be 0.152
0.152 (gain
(gain == 1.152);
1.152); the
the
2nd 22 kW R4
2nd section
section needs
needs to
to be
be 1.235
1.235 (gain
(gain == 12 kW
2.235).
2.235). Use
Use standard
standard values
values ifif possible.
possible.

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 Electronic Devices
Four-pole High-Pass Butterworth Design

The low-pass filter can be changed to a high-pass filter by simply

reversing the R’s and C’s in the frequency-selective circuit. For the
four-pole design, the gain setting resistors are unchanged.
CA1
CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
22 kW 22 kW CB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW 22 kW CB2
– R1 4.7 nF Vout
3.3 kW – R3
15 kW
R2

Low-pass 22 kW R4
12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Four-pole High-Pass Butterworth Design

The low-pass filter can be changed to a high-pass filter by simply

reversing the R’s and C’s in the frequency-selective circuit. For the
four-pole design, the gain setting resistors are unchanged.

RA1
RA2
22 kW
CA1 CB1 22 kW
Vin + CA2 CB2
4.7 nF RB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW RB2
– R1 4.7 nF 4.7 nF Vout
22 kW
3.3 kW – R3
15 kW
R2

High-pass 22 kW R4
12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Bessel Filter Design

Butterworth VCVS filters are the simplest to implement. Chebychev and

Bessel filters require an additional correction factor to the frequency to
obtain the correct fc. Bessel filter parameters are shown here. The
frequency determining R’s are divided by the correction factors shown
with the gains set to new values. The following slide illustrates a design.

Bessel filters
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Correction DF R1 /R2 Correction DF R1 /R2

2 -40 1.272 1.732 0.268

4 -80 1.432 1.916 0.084 1.606 1.241 0.759

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 Electronic Devices
Bessel Filter Design

Modify the 4-pole low-pass Butterworth design for a Bessel

response.

Bessel filters
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Correction DF R1 /R2 Correction DF R1 /R2

2 -40 1.272 1.732 0.268

4 -80 1.432 1.916 0.084 1.606 1.241 0.759

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 Electronic Devices
Bessel Filter Design

Modify the 4-pole low-pass Butterworth design for a Bessel

response.

Divide the R’s by the correction factors on the Bessel table

and change the gain setting resistors to the ratios on the table.

Bessel filters
Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Correction DF R1 /R2 Correction DF R1 /R2

2 -40 1.272 1.732 0.268

4 -80 1.432 1.916 0.084 1.606 1.241 0.759

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 Electronic Devices
Bessel Filter Design

Modify the 4-pole low-pass Butterworth design for a Bessel

response.

Divide the R’s by the correction factors on the Bessel table

and change the gain setting resistors to the ratios on the table.

C
CA1
A1
CCA2
A2
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
R
RA1
A1
R
RB1
B1
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
Vin
V ++ RRA2 RRB2
in
15.4
22 kWkW 15.4
22 kWkW C
CB1
B1
A2 B2
++
4.7
4.7 nF
nF 13.7 kW
22 kW 13.7
22 kWkW CCB2B2
–– 4.7 VVout
RR11 4.7 nF
nF out
103.3
kWkW –– RR3
3
10
15kW
kW
RR2
2
Bessel
Butterworth 119 kW
22 kW
RR4
4
13.2 kW
Low-pass
Low-pass 12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Bessel Filter Design

You can test the design with

Multisim. Although the roll-off is
not as steep as other designs, the
Bessel filter is superior for its
pulse response. The Bode plotter
illustrates the response.
C
CA1
A1
CCA2
A2
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
R
RA1
A1
R
RB1
B1
4.7
4.7 nF
nF
Vin
V ++ RRA2 RRB2
in
15.4
22 kWkW 15.4
22 kWkW C
CB1
B1
A2 B2
++
4.7
4.7 nF
nF 13.7 kW
22 kW 13.7
22 kWkW CCB2B2
–– 4.7 VVout
RR11 4.7 nF
nF out
103.3
kWkW –– RR3
3
10
15kW
kW
RR2
2
Bessel
Butterworth 119 kW
22 kW
RR4
4
13.2 kW
Low-pass
Low-pass 12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

One implementation of a band-pass filter is to cascade

high-pass and low-pass filters with overlapping responses.
These filters are simple to design, but are not good for high
Q designs. A v
Low-pass response High-pass response
0 dB

–3 dB
ade

–4
/d ec

0 dB
0 dB

/ dec
ad e
–4

f
fc1 f0 fc2

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

The multiple-feedback band-pass filter is also more suited

to low-Q designs (<10) because the gain is a function of Q2
and may overload the op-amp if Q is too high.
C1

R2

R1 C2
Vin –
Vout
+
R3

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

The multiple-feedback band-pass filter is also more suited

to low-Q designs (<10) because the gain is a function of Q2
and may overload the op-amp if Q is too high.
Resistors R1 and R3 form an C1
input attenuator network that
affect Q and are an integral part R2
of the design. R1 C2
Key equations are: Vin –

1 R1  R3 Vout
f0  +
2πC R1 R2 R3 R3

R2
A0 
2 R1

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

The state-variable filter is suited to high Q band-pass

designs. It is normally optimized for band-pass
applications but also has low-pass and high-pass outputs
available.
Vout(HP) Vout(BP)
R1 R3 C1 C2

R2
Vin – R4
– R7
+ –

Summing amplifier + Vout (LP)

R5
Integrator +

Integrator
R6

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

The state-variable filter is suited to high Q band-pass

designs. It is normally optimized for band-pass
applications but also has low-pass and high-pass outputs
available.
Vout(HP) Vout(BP)
R1 R3 C1 C2

R2
Vin – R4
– R7
+ –

The Q is given by Summing amplifier +

R5
Vout (LP)
Integrator +
1 R  Integrator
Q   5  1
3  R6  R6

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

This is a Multisim run for the circuit from the text Example 15-7. The Bode
plotter indicates the frequency response.

Note the high-Q response on the next slide...

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Pass Filters

This is a Multisim run for the circuit from the text Example 15-7. The Bode
plotter indicates the frequency response.

The cursor is set very close to the lower cutoff frequency.

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Stop Filters

A band-stop (notch) filter can be made from a multiple

feedback circuit or a state-variable circuit. By summing the
LP and HP outputs from a state-variable filter, a band-stop
filter is formed.
R3
R1
LP
Vin State-variable –
R2
filter HP
Band-stop
output
+

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Stop Filters

This circuit is the 60 Hz band-stop (notch) filter. From Example 15-8.

The response using the Bode plotter is shown on the next slide.

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 Electronic Devices
Active Band-Stop Filters

Multisim result showing Bode Plotter for Example 15-8:

The cursor is shown on the center

frequency of the response (60.08 Hz).
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 Electronic Devices
Filter Responses

In actual circuits, a filter response can be observed with a swept

frequency measurement using a sweep generator and an
oscilloscope. The test setup is shown here.

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 Electronic Devices
Filter Responses

In actual circuits, a filter response can be observed with a swept

frequency measurement using a sweep generator and an
oscilloscope. The test setup is shown here.

The sawtooth output

synchronizes the
oscilloscope with the
sweep generator’s
frequency.

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 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Pole

Roll-off

Damping factor

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 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Pole A circuit containing one resistor and one

capacitor that contributes -20 dB/decade to a
filter’s roll-off.

Roll-off

Damping factor

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 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Pole A circuit containing one resistor and one

capacitor that contributes -20 dB/decade to a
filter’s roll-off.

Roll-off The rate of decrease in gain below or above

the critical frequencies of a filter.

Damping factor

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 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Pole A circuit containing one resistor and one

capacitor that contributes -20 dB/decade to a
filter’s roll-off.

Roll-off The rate of decrease in gain below or above

the critical frequencies of a filter.

Damping factor A filter characteristic that determines the type

of response.

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q1

1. The green line represents the response for a

a. Butterworth filter
b. Chebychev filter
c. Bessel filter
Av

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q2

2. The blue line represents the response for a

a. Butterworth filter
b. Chebychev filter
c. Bessel filter
Av

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q3

3. The filter that is superior for its pulse response is the

a. Butterworth filter
b. Chebychev filter
c. Bessel filter

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q4

4. From the table for a 4-pole Butterworth filter, the gain

required for the second stage is
a. 0.765 b. 1.235
c. 1.765 d. 2.235

Butterworth filter values

Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q5

5. For a 2-pole Butterworth filter, assume that R1 = 39 kW.

From the choices given, the best value for R2 is
a. 22 kW b. 27 kW
c. 56 kW d. 68 kW

Butterworth filter values

Roll-off 1st stage 2nd stage
Order dB/decade
Poles DF R1 /R2 Poles DF R1 /R2

1 -20 1 Optional

2 -40 2 1.414 0.586

3 -60 2 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00
4 -80 2 1.848 0.152 2 0.765 1.235
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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q6

6. The type of active filter shown is a

a. two-pole, low-pass CA
b. two-pole, high-pass
c. four-pole, low-pass R A RB

d. four-pole, high-pass V in
CB
+
Vout
– R1

R2

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q7

7. The approximately roll-off for the filter shown is

a. -20 dB/decade b. -40 dB/decade
c. -60 dB/decade d. -80 dB/decade

CA1
CA2
4.7 nF
RA1 RB1 4.7 nF
Vin + RA2 RB2
22 kW 22 kW CB1
4.7 nF +
22 kW 22 kW CB2
– R1 4.7 nF Vout
3.3 kW – R3
15 kW
R2
22 kW R4
12 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q8

8. A good choice for a high-Q active band-pass filter is

a. cascaded high-pass and low-pass filters
b. a multiple-feedback band-pass filter
c. a state-variable band-pass filter
d. an inverting amplifier with a resonant filter

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q9

9. The filter shown forms a

a. band-stop filter
b. band-pass filter R3

c. low-pass filter LP
R1
State-variable
d. high-pass filter Vin
filter HP
R2 –

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q10

10. For the swept-frequency measurement, the signal on

the X-channel of the oscilloscope is a
a. sine wave that changes frequency
b. sawtooth wave
c. square wave
d. dc level

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 Electronic Devices
Answers

Answers:
1. b
6. a
2. c
7. d
3. c
8. c
4. d
9. a
5. d
10. b

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