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How To Control DC Motor

DC machine

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Donna Lyn Deniega
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31 views27 pages

How To Control DC Motor

DC machine

Uploaded by

Donna Lyn Deniega
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presenters

MARLO FRANZ GALOS DONNA LYN DENIEGA NORBEN ESCALORA


WORD OF THE DAY

“One machine can do the work of fifty


ordinary men. No machine can do the
work of one extraordinary man.”

By Elbert Hubbard
HOW TO CONTROL
DC MOTOR
3 General Ways to control DC motor

1. H- bridge Direction Controller


2. Pulse Width Modulation
3. Variable Resistance Controller
H bridge Direction Controller

 An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied


across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics
and other applications to allow DC motors to run forward and backward. H
bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete
components.
Pulse Width Modulation

 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power


applications, as well as being fairly easy to convert back to analog with a
minimum of hardware. Analog systems, such as linear power supplies,
tend to generate a lot of heat since they are basically variable resistors
carrying a lot of current.
Variable Resistance Controller

 They are used to control the flow of current in a circuit by changing the
amount of resistance offered to the current. Variable resistors typically
have a movable contact that can be adjusted to change the resistance
value.
HOW TO CONTROL DC MOTOR

SPEED START

STOP
SPEED CONTROL METHODS USE FOR DC SERIES
MOTOR
 In a DC series motor, different speed controls can be achieved similar to the
speed control of DC shunt motor.

The speed can be controlled by any one of the following three factors

1. by varying the field current

2. by varying the armature resistance

3. supplying different voltage


SPEED CONTROL METHODS USE FOR DC SERIES
MOTOR
Different types of speed control of dc series motors.

1. Flux Control Method


a. field diverter
b. tapped field control
c. paralleling field coils
2. Armature Control Method
a. armature resistance
b. shunted armature
3. Series-Parallel Control Method
FLUX CONTROL METHOD (DC SERIES)

● In a DC series motor, the flux can be varied in


different ways like diverting the field current,
tapping the field current at different points in
the field winding, and paralleling the field coils.
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
A. Field diverter method

A variable resistance(Rheostat) called a field diverter is connected


across the series field winding. A portion of the current flowing
through the series field winding is diverted into the field diverter by
varying its resistance.

The lesser the diverter resistance, the more current will flow
through the diverter, thereby the field current reduces and so the
flux is produced. A decrease in flux will cause the motor speed to
increase.

This method of speed control is used in electric drive applications,


where a sharp increase in speed is needed.
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
B. Tapped Field control method

The speed can be controlled by varying the number of


turns in the field winding. This is achieved by tapping out
the series field winding at several points.

When the entire field is connected, the motor runs at the


lowest speed. The speed can be further increased in
steps by cutting out the resistance in the series of turns.
This method of speed control is used in electric traction.
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
C. Paralleling field coils method

The field coils can be paralleled with additional


winding to obtain the required speed. It can also be
done by regrouping the field coils in the motor.

By regrouping the field coils the resistance in the


field winding can be varied, which will give the
required speed. This type of speed control is used
for fan motors.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

● The speed of the DC series motor can also be


controlled by varying the armature resistance,
and armature voltage. Consequently, the
following methods are adopted for controlling
the speed.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

A. Armature resistance control

It is similar to the
method adopted for the DC shunt motors. But in a DC
series motor, the control resistance may be connected
directly in series with the supply.

Since it is a series circuit, controlling the armature voltage


is the same as the voltage supplied to the complete
motor. The additional resistance will reduce the voltage
given to the motor, which reduces the speed of the motor.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
B. Shunted Armature control

A rheostat, that is, a variable resistance is connected in parallel


with the motor armature winding. Hence called shunted armature
control, also called armature diverter control.

By reducing the resistance value of the diverter, the armature


current can be reduced. If so, then flux per pole must increase(T
α φIa) to maintain a constant torque.

This will cause an increase in current drawn from the supply and
hence flux φ will increase and subsequently motor speed will
decrease. Thus the speed can be controlled by varying the
resistance in the diverter.
SERIES-PARALLEL CONTROL METHOD

It is an efficient method of speed control of a DC motor. When two


or more similar series motors are employed in pairs, speed
control can be achieved by combining the series resistance with
motors in series and parallel connections.

The two machines are connected in series with each other and
have a starting resistance. The starting resistance is gradually cut
out as the motor attains the speed. Finally, the control resistance
is removed completely. Now each motor has half of the line
voltage across it. So the motor will run at half of its normal speed.

Similarly, the motor speed can be operated at a higher speed. It


offers great flexibility, and reliable operation, and power wastage
is reduced.
SPEED CONTROL METHODS USE FOR DC
SHUNT MOTOR
 In a DC motor, different speed controls can be achieved, and hence they are used
for many adjustable speed drives. The different mechanisms of speed control can be
deduced from the speed equation of a DC motor.

From the above expression, it can be revealed that the speed can be controlled by any
one of the following three factors

1. by varying the field current and hence flux per pole φ

2. by varying the armature resistance, and so the armature voltage

3. supplying different voltage V


SPEED CONTROL METHODS USE FOR DC
SHUNT MOTOR
Different types of speed control of dc shunt motors.

1. Flux Control Method


2. Armature Control Method
3. Multiple Voltage Control
4. Ward Leonard System
FLUX CONTROL METHOD (DC SHUNT)

● By decreasing the flux produced by the field


winding, the speed can be increased and vice
versa. Hence the name flux control method or field
control method.

● The flux can be varied by varying the current


through the shunt field winding. It is done by
connecting a rheostat in series with the field winding
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

In this method, additional resistance is added in series with the


armature winding by using a rheostat. The current through
armature is controlled with the rheostat and is thus called an
armature control method.

The speed can be reduced to any desired value depending on the


amount of resistance added. The voltage across the armature
drops as the current passes through the rheostat.

In proportion to the reduced voltage, the speed is reduced.


However, the field current remains the same as the field winding
is directly connected across the supply voltage.
MULTIPLE VOLTAGE CONTROL

 In this method, the field winding is excited by a constant voltage but the
armature winding is supplied with different voltages through switching devices.
The speed of the motor will be proportional to the armature voltage.

 Using the switching devices, the armature voltage is increased or decreased.


With respect to the change in voltage, the speed varies. This method of
controlling the speed is not much adopted in real applications.
WARD LEONARD SYSTEM

Ward-Leonard system of speed control is used where


very sensitive speed control is needed. It is a method of
controlling the motor speed by controlling the input
voltage.
WARD LEONARD SYSTEM
The following figure shows the setup of the system. It consists of
three machines, a motor(M1), a generator(G), and the main
motor(M2) whose speed is to be controlled. The motor(M1) and
Generator(G) sets are mechanically coupled with each other.

 It induces a variable voltage in the generator. The variable


voltage is given as the input for the DC motor, which makes
the main motor rotate at different speeds.
 The main disadvantage is that the overall efficiency of the
system is very low at light loads. But very fine speed control,
uniform acceleration, and good speed controls are possible
with the system.
 Ward-Leonard system of speed control is used in
applications such as steel rolling mills, paper machines,
elevators, cranes, hoists, etc.,
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING

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