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Speed Control of Motor

The document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It describes that the speed of DC motors can be controlled by varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. For DC shunt motors, speed can be controlled through field control using a rheostat in series with the field winding or field voltage control. For DC series motors, speed is controlled through either armature control by adding resistance in the armature circuit, or field control using methods like a field diverter. The document also discusses armature control and field control methods for speed regulation of DC shunt motors.

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Prabuddha Chakraborty
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217 views

Speed Control of Motor

The document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It describes that the speed of DC motors can be controlled by varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. For DC shunt motors, speed can be controlled through field control using a rheostat in series with the field winding or field voltage control. For DC series motors, speed is controlled through either armature control by adding resistance in the armature circuit, or field control using methods like a field diverter. The document also discusses armature control and field control methods for speed regulation of DC shunt motors.

Uploaded by

Prabuddha Chakraborty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The basic principle of the DC motor is a device which converts DC energy into mechanical

energy. When the current carrying armature is connected to the supply end though
commentator segment, brushes are placed within the North South Poles of permanent or
electromagnets. By using these electromagnets operating principle is depends on the Fleming’s
left hand rule to determine the direction of the force acting on the armature conductors of the
DC motor.

Speed of a DC motor can be varied by varying flux, armature resistance or applied voltage.
Different speed control methods for different DC shunt and series methods are there.

Speed Control of Shunt Motors: Flux control method, Armature and Rheostatic control
method, Voltage control method. Voltage control method is again sub-divided in multiple voltage
control and Ward Leonard system.

Speed Control of Series Motors: Flux control method

1. Field diverter
2. Armature diverter

3. Trapped field control

4. Paralleling field coils

 Variable Resistance in series with motor

 Series -parallel control method

Flux Control Method: In this flux control method, speed of the motor is inversely proportional
to the flux. Thus, by decreasing flux and speed can be increased vice versa. To control the flux

A rheostat is added in series with the field winding will


increase the speed (N), because of this flux will decrease. So, the field current is relatively
small and hence I2R loss is decreased. This method is quite efficient. So in this method, the
speed can be increased by reducing flux, it puts a method to reducing flux with this method, it
puts a method to maximum speed as weakening of flux beyond the limits will adversely affect

the commutator.

Armature Control Method

In the armature control method, the speed of the DC motor is directly proportional to the back
e.m.f ( E b  V  I a R a ) and C. When supply voltage ( V ) and
armature resistance R a are kept constant, the Speed is directly
V  I a Ra
proportional to armature current ( I a ) i.e. N  . If we
K

add resistance in series with the armature, the armature current (


I a ) decreases and hence speed decreases.

This armature control method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage across the
required voltage. The motor back EMF ( E b ) and Speed ( N ) of the motor can be changed.
This method is done by inserting the variable resistance ( RC ) in series with the armature. From
the basic equation of the armature control method, the speed N is  to the [ V  I a  R a  RC 

]. Due to the voltage back in the controller resistance, the back EMF will decrease.

Voltage Control Method of DC Motor

Multiple Voltage Control: In this method, the shunt field is connected to a fixed exciting
voltage, and the armature is supplied with different voltages. The Voltage across the armature
can be changed with the help of a suitable switchgear devises. Armature speed is approximately
proportional to the voltage across the armature.

Ward-Leonard System: This Ward-Leonard system is used where very sensitive speed
control of the motor is required (e.g electric excavators, elevators, etc.). The arrangement of this
system is as required in the figure shown below.

M 2 , motor controls the speed of the generator and M 1 , motor may be AC or DC type with

constant speed. G is the generator directly coupled to M1. In this method the output from the
generator G is fed to the armature of the motor M2 whose speed is to be controlled. The
generator output can be connected to the motor M2 and it can be varied from zero to its
maximum value, and hence the armature voltage of the motor M2 is varied very smoothly.
Hence very smooth speed control of motor can be obtained by this method.

Speed control means intentional change of the drive speed to a value required for performing
the specific work process. Speed control is a different concept from speed regulation where
there is natural change in speed due change in load on the shaft. Speed control is either done
manually by the operator or by means of some automatic control device.One of the important
features of DC motor is that its speed can be controlled with relative ease. We know that the
emf equation of DC motor is given as,

60 A E E PZ V I R
a a
1. N  or N  K  where, K  . Again N  . Therefore speed
 PZ 60 A K
(N ) of 3 types of DC motor i.e SERIES, SHUNT and COMPOUND can be controlled by
changing the quantities on RHS of the expression. So speed can be varied by changing the
terminal voltage of the armature V.

2. External resistance in armature circuit Ra.


3. Flux per pole φ.
The first two cases involve change that affects armature circuit and the third one involves
change in magnetic field. Therefore speed control of DC motor is classified as
1. Armature control methods
2. Field control methods.
Speed Control of DC Series Motor
Speed control of DC series motor can be done either by armature control or by field control.
Armature Control of DC Series Motor
Speed adjustment of DC series motor by armature control may be done by any one of the
methods that follow,
1. Armature Resistance Control Method: This is the most common method employed.
Here the controlling resistance is connected directly in series with the supply of the motor as

shown in the fig. The power loss in the control resistance of DC series motor can be
neglected because this control method is utilized for a large portion of time for reducing the
speed under light load condition. This method of speed control is most economical for
constant torque. This method of speed control is employed for DC series motor driving
cranes, hoists, trains etc.
2. Shunted Armature Control: The combination of a rheostat shunting the armature and a
rheostat in series with the armature is involved in this method of speed control. The voltage
applied to the armature is varies by varying series rheostat R1. The exciting current can be
varied by varying the armature shunting resistance R2. This method of speed control is not
economical due to considerable power losses in speed controlling resistances. Here speed
control is obtained over wide range but below normal speed.

3. Armature terminal voltage control: The speed control of DC series motor can be
accomplished by supplying the power to the motor from a separate variable voltage supply.
This method involves high cost so it rarely used.
Field Control of DC Series Motor
The speed of DC motor can be controlled by this method by any one of the following ways –
1. Field Diverter Method This method uses a diverter. Here the field flux can be reduced
by shunting a portion of motor current around the series field. Lesser the diverter resistance
less is the field current, less flux therefore more speed. This method gives speed above
normal and the method is used in electric drives in which speed should rise sharply as soon
as load is decreased.

2. Tapped Field Control This is another method of increasing the speed by reducing
the flux and it is done by lowering number of turns of field winding through which current
flows. In this method a number of tapping from field winding are brought outside. This
method is employed in electric traction.

Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor


Speed of DC shunt motor is controlled by the factors stated below
Field Control of DC Shunt Motor
By this method speed control is obtained by any one of the following means –
1. Field Rheostat Control of DC Shunt Motor
In this method, speed variation is accomplished by means of a variable resistance inserted in
series with the shunt field. An increase in controlling resistances reduces the field current
with a reduction in flux and an increase in speed. This method of speed control is
independent of load on the motor. Power wasted in controlling resistance is very less as field
current is a small value. This method of speed control is also used in DC compound motor.
Limitations of this Method of Speed Control
o Creeping speeds cannot be obtained.
o Top speeds only obtained at reduced torque.
o The speed is maximum at minimum value of flux, which is governed by the
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on the field.
2. Field Voltage Control
This method requires a variable voltage supply for the field circuit which is separated from
the main power supply to which the armature is connected. Such a variable supply can be
obtained by an electronic rectifier.
Armature Control of DC Shunt Motor
Speed control by this method involves two ways. These are :
1. Armature Resistance Control
In this method armature circuit is provided with a variable resistance. Field is directly
connected across the supply so flux is not changed due to variation of series resistance. This
is applied for DC shunt motor. This method is used in printing press, cranes, hoists where
speeds lower than rated is used for a short period only.
2. Armature Voltage Control
This method of speed control needs a variable source of voltage separated from the source
supplying the field current. This method avoids disadvantages of poor speed regulation and
low efficiency of armature-resistance control methods. The basic adjustable armature voltage
control method of speed d control is accomplished by means of an adjustable voltage
generator is called Ward Leonard System. This method involves using a motor-
generator (M-G) set. This method is best suited for steel rolling mills, paper machines,
elevators, mine hoists, etc. This method is known as Ward-Leonard System. Advantages
1. Very fine speed control over whole range in both directions
2. Uniform acceleration is obtained
3. Good speed regulation
4. It has regenerative braking capacity
Disadvantages
5. Costly arrangement is needed , floor space required is more
6. Low efficiency at light loads
7. Drive produced more noise.
Solid State Speed Control
Static Ward Leonard drives are being used these days because of the drawbacks of the
classical method. Rotating M-G sets are replaced by solid state converters to control DC
motor speed. The converters used are choppers (in case of DC supply) or controlled
rectifiers (in case of AC supply). This method is not suitable for intermittent loads.

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