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Referencing and Citations

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30 views20 pages

Referencing and Citations

Uploaded by

gakuojessee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Research skills and design

Referencing and citations


Referencing format

•All sources cited in the literature review should be


listed in the references.
•Examples of referencing methods are
•Harvad referencing format
•APA referencing format
•IEEE referencing format.
APA Referencing format

‘APA’ stands for American Psychological Association


It is one of the most common referencing format
APA Citation format
 Citation refers to in-text referencing.
 Format1: Author Name(s)(year of publication), ..............text....
 Usually this format used at the beginning of the text.
 Example:
 Azar & Martin (1999), found that...............................

 Format2: -----------text----------------- (Author,Year of publication).


 Example :
 Language involves attaching meaning to symbols (Samovar &
Porter, 1997).
APA Citation format
 Direct quotation –when quoting directly from another
author, use quotation marks around the quote and include
page numbers

 Example:
 Samovar & Porter (1997), point out that "language involves
attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).
 Alternatively, “Language involves attaching meaning to
symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).
APA Citation format

 Citation to more than one source should be ordered


alphabetically or Chronologically(according to year of
publication)
 Example1:
More recent studies (Bartle tt, 1992; James, 1998) show that…

Example2:
The researchers (Brown, 1876,p.42; Bartlett, 1992, p.54;
James,1998, p. 45) refer to....................
APA Citation format

 For Citation with three, four, or five authors, cite all of the
authors the first time a reference occurs.
 For any subsequent occurrences of the same reference, use
the first author’s name with “et al.” signifying the other
authors ,followed by the date of the publication.
 Omit the year from each subsequent occurrence of the same
reference falling within the same paragraph
 Example:
 ......text.... (Smith, Rubick, Jones, & Malcolm, 1995).
 Smith et al. (1995), argued that. . . .
 ......text........... (Smith et al., 1995).
APA Citation format
 For a source with six or more authors, include only the first
author's name followed by "et al."

 Example:

 Peffer et al. (1997) observed that,. . . .


 ..............text.........(Peffer et al., 1997).
APA Citation format
 If a source has a group (corporation, government agency,
association, etc.) as an author, the name is usually spelled out in
every text citation.
 However, if the name is long and the abbreviation is easily
recognizable or understandable, spell it out for the first text
citation and abbreviate for subsequent citations.
 Example:
 First text citation:
 (Association of College and Research Libraries [ACRL], 1996)
 Second or subsequent citations:
..........................(ACRL, 1996) .
ACRL (1996) found that. . . .
Reference list
 Reference list is provided at the end of dissertation or
proposal
 It consists of full bibliographic information for each citation
 The list is ordered alphabetical by author.
Guidelines for Reference list

 Alphabetize the list of sources by the author 's (or


editor's) last name;
 if there is no author or editor, alphabetize by the first
word of the title other than a, an, or the.
 Use initials for an author's first and middle names.
 For two or more works by an author, arrange the works
by date, recent work first.

 Cite personal communications only as in text citations—


do not include them in the reference list.
Guidelines for Reference list

 With two to seven authors, use all authors' names rather


than "et al" unless there are eight or more authors.
 Start with the last name and use initials for the first and
middle names for all authors. Instead of the word "and,"
use an ampersand (&) and separate the names with
commas.

 Example:
 Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006).
Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.).
South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
Reference list

 Referencing Books
 Put the title of a book after the year of publication.
 Book titles and subtitles should be italicized.
 Capitalize only the first letter and proper nouns in a
title or subtitle
 Include the city and official state, followed by the
publisher's name.
 State name can be omitted if the city is well known.
 Example:
 Wilson, C., & Grant, J. (Eds.). (1981). The Directory of
Possibilities. New York: Rutledge Press.
Reference list
 The publication date should appear in parentheses
directly after the last author's name; put a period after
the final parenthesis.

 Example:
Reference list

To reference journal articles, use a capital letter for Key words.


Journal title and Volume are Italized, followed by the issue
number in brackets and page numbers (not italised) .

Example:
Reference list

 Double space each entry and use hanging indentation (the first
line of an entry isn't indented, but every subsequent line in the
entry is indented five spaces)

 Examples:
Reference list
 Retrieval information must be given for electronic
sources. The statement should provide the URL, or
website address, of the source.

 Example:
Reference list
 For publication without dates, use n.d. (no date) when a
publication date is not known.
 For internet articles, indicate url where the article was retrieved
from

 Example:
Reading exercise
 Read the following referencing and distinguish them APA .

1. Harvard referencing format


2. IEEE format.
End

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