Lecture_3

ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND

GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS
 Expansion and Comp. in Otto

0 – W = Delta U + PV

isentropic Q = 0 & irreversible 0 – W = Delta U + PV

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The isentropic process is a thermodynamic
process in which the entropy of gas or any fluid
remains fixed.
This can only happen in cases when the system is
both adiabatic and reversible.

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 Objectives:
• Discuss the nature of internal energy.
• Define the concept of heat and the terminology associated with energy
transfer by heat.
• Define the concept of work, including electrical work and several forms
of mechanical work.
• The first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and mechanisms of
energy transfer to or from a system.
• Determine that a fluid flowing across a control surface of a control
volume carries energy across the control surface in addition to any
energy transfer across the control surface that may be in the form of
heat and/or work.
• Define energy conversion efficiencies.
• Discuss the implications of energy conversion on the environment. 7
 INTRODUCTION
• If we take the entire room—including the air and the refrigerator (or fan) —
as the system, which is an adiabatic closed system since the room is well-
sealed and well-insulated, the only energy interaction involved is the electrical
energy crossing the system boundary and entering the room.
• As a result of the conversion of electric energy consumed by the device to
heat, the room temperature will rise.
A fan running in a
well-sealed and
well-insulated room
will raise the
temperature of air in
the room.

A refrigerator
operating with its
door open in a well-
sealed and well-
insulated room 8
• The total energy of a system, can
be contained or stored in a system,
and thus can be viewed as the
static forms of energy.
• The forms of energy not stored in a
system can be viewed as the
dynamic forms of energy or as
energy interactions.
• The dynamic forms of energy are
recognized at the system boundary
as they cross it, and they represent
the energy gained or lost by a
system during a process.
• The only two forms of energy
interactions associated with a
closed system are heat transfer and
work.

• The difference between heat transfer and work: An energy interaction is

heat-transfer if its driving force is a temperature difference. Otherwise, it is
work. 12
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Heat transfer
per unit mass
Amount of heat transfer
when heat transfer rate
is constant
Amount of heat transfer
when heat transfer rate
changes with time

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 Historical Background on Heat
• Kinetic theory: Treats molecules as tiny
balls that are in motion and thus possess kinetic
energy.
• Heat: The energy associated with the random
motion of atoms and molecules.

Heat transfer mechanisms:

• Conduction: The transfer of energy from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interaction
between particles.
• Convection: The transfer of energy between a
solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion,
and it involves the combined effects of conduction
and fluid motion.
• Radiation: The transfer of energy due to the
emission of electromagnetic waves (or photons).
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 Heat vs. Work
• Both are recognized at the boundaries of
a system as they cross the boundaries.
That is, both heat and work are boundary
phenomena.
• Both are associated with a process, not a
state.
• Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
• Both are path functions (i.e., their
magnitudes depend on the path followed
during a process as well as the end
states).

Properties are point functions

have exact differentials (d ).
Path functions
have inexact
differentials ( ) 18
 Electrical Work
Electrical power

When potential difference

and current change with time

When potential difference

and current remain constant

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Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
1. The work transfer needed to raise a body is equal to
the change in the potential energy of the body.
2. The work transfer needed to accelerate a body is
equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the body.

Nonmechanical Forms of Work

Electrical work: The generalized force is
the voltage (the electrical potential) and the
generalized displacement is the electrical
charge.
Magnetic work: The generalized force is
the magnetic field strength and the
generalized displacement is the total
magnetic dipole moment.
Electrical polarization work: The
generalized force is the electric field
strength and the generalized displacement
is the polarization of the medium.
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 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy
principle) provides a sound basis for studying the relationships among
the various forms of energy and energy interactions.
• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed
during a process; it can only change forms.

The First Law: For

all adiabatic
processes between
two specified states
of a closed system,
the net work done
is the same
regardless of the
nature of the closed
system and the
details of the
process.
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Energy Balance

The net change (increase

or decrease) in the total
energy of the system
during a process is equal
to the difference between
the total energy entering
and the total energy
leaving the system during
that process.

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Energy Change of a System, Esystem

Internal, kinetic, and

potential energy changes

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EX:

Determine the torque applied to the shaft of a car

that transmits and rotates at a rate of .

˙ =2 𝜋 ∗ 𝑛∗ 𝑇
𝑊
450 h𝑝=2 𝜋 ∗ 3000 ∗𝑇

450 h𝑝 ∗
[ ( 1 h𝑝 ) ]
550 𝑙𝑏 𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑡/ 𝑠
=2 𝜋 ∗3000 ∗ [
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
60 𝑠
]∗ 𝑇 [𝑙𝑏¿¿ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 ]¿

𝑇 =788 𝑙𝑏 𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑡

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EX: Determine the work required to
deflect a linear spring with a spring
constant of by from its unstretched
position.

1 2 2 1
𝑊= ∗𝑘∗ ( 𝑥2 −𝑥1 )= ∗70∗ ( ( 0.20) − ( 0 ) )=1.4𝑘𝐽
2 2
2 2

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EX: Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a
higher reservoir by a pump that provides 20 kW of
shaft power. The free surface of the upper reservoir is
higher than that of the lower reservoir. If the flow
rate of water is measured to be. , determine the
mechanical power that is converted to mechanical
energy during this process due to frictional effects.

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 𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜂= =
𝑊 𝑖𝑛 20 𝑘𝑊

𝑊 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑊 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑊 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 =20 −1 3.2=6.8 𝑘𝑊

0.66
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EX: An oil pump is drawing of electric power while
pumping oil with at a rate of . The inlet and outlet
diameters of the pipe are and , respectively. If the
pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be and
the motor efficiency is 90 percent, determine the
mechanical efficiency of the pump.

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 𝑊 𝑠h𝑠𝑓𝑡 =0.9 ∗ 44 = 39.6 𝑘𝑊

3
𝑚 0.1 ∗ 4
0.1 =𝑣 1 ∗ 𝐴 1 − 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑣 1= =19.9 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑠 𝜋 ( 0.08 )
2

3
𝑚 0.1 ∗ 4
0.1 =𝑣 2 ∗ 𝐴 2 − 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑣2 = =8.86 𝑚 / 𝑠
𝑠 𝜋 ( 0. 12 )
2

˙
𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡
˙
=∆ 𝐾𝐸 ˙
+ 𝐹𝑊

𝑊˙ 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉 ˙ 2 ∗ ( 𝑣 22 − 𝑣 12 ) + ∆ 𝑃 ∗ 𝑉
˙
2
˙ 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1 ∗ 860 ∗0.1 ∗ ( 8.86 2 −19.9 2 ) +500000 ∗ 0.1=− 13652+ 50000=36348 W
𝑊
2
0.916=91.6

82 or *

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Reading this case study carefully and then
using your calculator, answer its following
questions:
An oil pump is drawing of electric power
while pumping oil with at a rate of . The inlet
and outlet diameters of the pipe are and ,
respectively. The pressure rise of oil in the
pump is measured to be and the motor
efficiency is 90 percent. Then:
𝑊 𝑠h𝑎𝑓𝑡 =39.6 𝑘𝑊𝑊 𝑠h𝑎𝑓𝑡 =36.9 𝑘𝑊
4∗˙ 𝑄 ˙ 𝑄
4∗
𝑣= 𝑣=
𝜋 𝐷 2
𝜋 𝑟2
𝑣 1=19.9 𝑚 / 𝑠 𝑣 1=16.6 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑣 2= 8.86 𝑚/ 𝑠 𝑣 2= 6.68 𝑚/ 𝑠
1
𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉˙ 2 ∗ ( 𝑣 22 − 𝑣 12 ) + ∆ 𝑃 ∗ 𝑉˙ 𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1 ∗ 𝑉˙ 2 ∗ ( 𝑣 22 − 𝑣 12) +∆ 𝑃 ∗ 𝑉˙
2 2
η 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 =82 % η 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 =89.6 %
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