Class XII

Subject: Computer Science with Python(083)

UNIT II Computer Networks (10 Marks)
Computer Network and Network types

By Amit Dutta
DAV Public School , Gandhi Nagar, Ranchi
Session 2020-21
 Syllabus of UNIT II
Computer Network
• Unit II: Computer Networks
• ● Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace Different ways of sending data across the network
with reference to switching techniques (Circuit and Packet switching).
• ● Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data transfer rate
(bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps).
• ● Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link, microwave link and
satellite link.
• ● Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Router, Switch, Gateway, WiFi card.
• ● Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree, PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN.
• ● Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, HTTP, SMTP, POP3, Remote Login (Telnet)
and Internet, Wireless / Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, GPRS and WLL.
• ● Mobile Telecommunication Technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G; Mobile processors; Electronic mail
protocols such as SMTP, POP3, Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing: VoIP, Wireless technologies such
as Wi-Fi and Wi Max 7
• ● Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams Use of
Cookies, Protection using Firewall, https; India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, hacking.
• ● Introduction To Web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language
(XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Website, Web browser, Web Servers;
Web Hosting, Web Scripting – Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web
2.0 (for social networking)
• ● E-commerce payment transactions using online banking, mobile banking, payment apps and services.
 Web services
• Web service-is a standardized medium ,protocol or language
to propagate communication between the client and server
applications on the World Wide Web . A web service is a
software module that is designed to perform a certain set of
tasks.
• Web services are invoked by the user directly or indirectly to
provide services to the program / software which is being
used as a part of WWW. User may be unaware about such
web services.
• The web services can be searched for over the network and
can also be invoked accordingly.
• When invoked , the web service would be able to provide the
functionality to the client ,which invokes that web service.
• Many people think that the internet and the world wide web
(WWW) are the same thing .While they are closely linked ,they are
very different systems.
• The internet is a huge network of computers all connected
together .The world wide is a collection of web pages found on this
network of computers .Our web browser uses the internet to access
the web.
• The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet ,tying them together in to a vast
collection of interactive multimedia resources.
• World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at
CERN in Geneva . World Wide Web came in to existence as a
proposal by him , to allow researchers to work together effectively
and efficiently at CERN .Eventually it became World Wide Web.
• Web Architecture
• Web is a two–tiered architecture.
•A web browser display information contents
•Web server that transfers information to the
client.
• HTML–Hyper text markup language is a document design language
not a programming language .It provide various kinds of tags
(commands) used to define the structure and appearance of web page.
• HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners Lee in late 1991 but was not
released officially , which was published in 1995 as HTML 2.0. HTML
5 is the latest evolution of the standard that defines HTML

• Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines

a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-
readable and machine-readable.
• XML is Platform Independent and Language Independent : The main
benefit of xml is that we can use it to take data from a program like
MicrosoftSQL ,convert it into XML then share that XML with other
programs and platforms. You can communicate between two platforms
which are generally very difficult.
Difference between HTML and XML
• HTTP-HTTP stands for hyper text transfer protocol and is used to transfer
data across the Web .It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange
information found on web pages .When accessing any web page entering
http:// in front of the address tells the browser to communicate over HTTP.
• How It Works-
• It is a connection less text based protocol .Clients (web browsers ) send
requests through request object of http to web servers for web pages /
images etc. Web server respond accordingly through response object of http
After this cycle (request–response ), the connection between client and
server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection must be made
for each request (means for each web page).
• DNS–The Domain Name System ,translates human readable domain
names (for example ,www.davbistupur.org) to machine readable IP
addresses (for example ,182.156.84.26)DNS servers translate requests for
names in to IP addresses.
• A domain name is our web site name e.g. in davbistupur.org, org is primary
domain , davbistupur is sub domain of org.
• Generic domain name-.com, .edu ,.gov ,.mil ,.net ,.org etc,
• Country specific domain name-.in for india, .us for united states.
• URL–Uniform Resource Locator is defined as
the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web .The URL
is an address that sends users to a specific
resource online ,such as a webpage ,video or
other document or resource.
• e.g. http://davbistupur.org/File/6704/2537_Classes_VIII.new.pdf
Protocol sub domain domain name path
• Web page –A html document which can be displayed in a web browser.
• Web site-A collection of web pages which are grouped together and
usually connected together in various ways.
• Web browser–A software which interpret html document and display
them in human readable form is known as web browser . E.g .
Firefox ,Google Chrome ,Opera ,Microsoft Internet Explorer or Edge , or
Apple's Safari .These are also often called just "pages.“
• Web server–A software which host website and return web pages to web
client (web browser) on request .E.g. Apache Tomcat , Microsoft’s Internet
Information Services (IIS) Windows Server ,Jigsaw, Zeus web server.
• Web hosting-Web hosting is the place where all the files
of your web site live .It is like the home of our web site
where it actually lives . A good way to think about this is
if the domain name is the address of our house ,then web
hosting is the actual house that address points to. All
websites on the internet ,need web hosting.
• Domain names and web hosting are two different
services .However ,they work together to make websites
possible . It is possible with the system known as DNS.
• Web script-A computer programming language for adding
dynamic capabilities to World Wide Web pages. The CGI
component on the server contains small programs called scripts
that take information from the browser system or provide it for
display. Scripting languages are like programming languages
that allow us to write programs in form of script . These scripts
are interpreted not compiled and executed line by line . Two
types of scripting languages are used.
• •Client Side Scripting languages : It refers to the programs that
are executed on client-side . Eg. JavaScript, VBScript, PHP
• •Server Side Scripting languages : It acts as an interface for the
client and also limit the user access the resources on web
server . It can also collects the user’s characteristics in order to
customize response.
• Eg. ASP,JSP,PHP,PERL,COBRA
 Web2.0
• Web 2.0 is the name used to the describe the second generation of the world wide
web , where focus is given to a more interactive and dynamic web experience.
Web2.0 is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information
online via social media ,blogging and Web-based communities .It support an
interactive experience between users and Web publishers ,rather than the one-way
conversation that had previously existed . web2.0 the term means such internet
applications which allow sharing and collaboration opportunities to people and help
them to express themselves online.
• Web2.0 examples include hosted services (GoogleMaps) , Web applications
(GoogleDocs,Flickr) , Video sharing sites (YouTube) , blogs (WordPress ) , social
networking (Facebook) , Microblogging (Twitter) content hosting services and
many more.
 Ecommerce Payment transactions
• An ecommerce payment transaction-is a way of making transactions or paying for goods and services through an
electronic medium, with out the use of checks or cash.
• The electronic payment system has grown increasingly over the last decades due to the growing spread of internet –
based banking and shopping
• Payment transaction through Online banking–Online banking is also known as internet banking or web
banking .Online banking offers customers almost every service traditionally available through a local branch
including deposits ,transfers ,and online bill payments.
• HOW-When we pay through internet banking then as we select the payment through internet / online / net banking
option we are directed to the bank's login site . There we enter our id and password . Then we confirm our payment
by accepting the terms and we receive an OTP(one-time-password) after which the transaction is complete.
• Payment transaction through Payment Apps & Services–Payment apps allow us to make payments using our phone
depending on the app we download and our phone ,we may be able to pay by tapping our phone at a point of sale
(POS) rather than swiping a credit / debit card.
• Popular online payment apps or payment apps or e-wallet list in India include:
•Paytm , GooglePay , AmazonPay , JIOMoney , Freecharge , YonoSBI , AirtelMoney , BHIM App ,
UPI App
THANKS