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INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE: Introduction, Definitions, Nature, Theories, Classification, Nature-nurture controversy and Measuring Intelligence.

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CHAO BHARGOV LAHON
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454 views14 pages

INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE: Introduction, Definitions, Nature, Theories, Classification, Nature-nurture controversy and Measuring Intelligence.

Uploaded by

CHAO BHARGOV LAHON
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Like love, intelligence is one of the

prominent concept that builds up a character,


defines capability and establishes the parameter
of intellect subsisted in an individual.
The word intelligence came from Latin word
intelligere which means “to understand”.
Through a normal man’s perspective,
Intelligence is an easily observable humanly
feature that can be defined, describing people
as bright, dull, slow or fast on the basis of their
way of doing daily tasks or performing any
activities. Where, Intelligence is much broader
as a concept, on which this presentation will be
focusing.
In psychology, intelligence has been defined in
several ways. Psychologists are yet to agree
on a single definition of intelligence.
However, commonly, Intelligence refers to an
individuals abilities to understand complex
ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment,
to learn from experience, to engage in various
forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by
careful thought.
(Sternberg & Kaufman, 1998;
Wechsler, 1975)
 David Wechsler, 1944 :-
The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to think rationally,
to act purposefully and to deal effectively with the environment
 Howard Gardner, 1983 :-
The ability to solve problems and to create products, that are valued within one
or more cultural settings.
 Robert Sternberg & William Salter, 1982 :-
A person’s capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior
 Lolurto, 1991 :-
Intelligence is the ability to master the knowledge and the skills needed to succeed
with in a particular culture
 Gottfredson 1997 :-
Its a very general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn
from experience. Its not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-
taking smarts but it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending
our surroundings – ‘catching on’, ‘making sense’ of things, or ‘figuring out’ what to
do
• It is an innate mental ability which grows
and is influenced by the environment.
• It shows capacity to adapt to new or
changed situations quickly and correctly.
• it is the ability to carry on higher mental
processes such as reasoning, criticism,
rational and judgment.
• It shows the capacity to observe the
relationship and absurdities.
• It implies the capacity to learn and
solve difficult problems.
The major theories with different approaches
to intelligence are as follows:

1. FACTOR THEORIES:
•Spearman’s G Factor Theory
•LL Thurston's Group Factor Or Multifactor Theory

2. PROCESS ORIENTED THEORIES:


•Piaget’s Theory Of Cognitive Development
•Brunner’s Theory

3. STERNBERG THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

4. GARDENER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE


On the basis of its application,
intelligence can be divided into three
kinds:

1.Concrete Intelligence: Its applicable for


using machines, tools and instruments.
(Ex. mechanics, engineers)
2.Social or emotional Intelligence: Its the
ability to understand social situations and
act wisely in human relationship.(Ex.
leaders, ministers, salesman)
3.Abstract or generality: Its the ability to
respond to words, numbers and letters.
(Ex. teachers, lawyers)
HOWARD GARDENER classifies intelligence into eight different
types:-
• Intelligence Tests: tests for assessing a
person’s mental abilities and comparing
them with the abilities of other people, by
means of numerical scores.
• Alfred Benet, the French psychologist,
who is considered to be the pioneer of
the intelligence testing movement,
proposed the concepts of mental age and
Intelligent quotient, etc; that somehow
helped to form the base of intelligence
testing.
• Here, Mental Age is the chronological
age that most typically corresponds to a
given level of performance and IQ:
(intelligence quotient) can be defined
originally the ratio of mental age (MA) to
chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100 .

IQ = MA/CA X 100

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