PHYSICS PROJECT

To find the numerical aperture and angle of acceptance

of optical fiber

GROUP 3(LAB):-
HIMANSHI SAINI (2024UEC2517)
SHAMSHER SINGH (2024UEC2518)
VANSH KUMAR (2024UEC2519)
SEJAL HALDAR (2024UEC2520)
VARNIKA CHAUDHARY (2024UEC2521)
ADITYA KUMAR SINGH (2024UEC2522)
UTKARSH SHANKAR (2024UEC2523)
NIKHIL KUMAR MISHRA (2024UEC2524)
INDEX

 1.CERTIFICATE
 2.ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 3.LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
 4.THEORY
 5.AIM
 6.APPARATUS REQUIRED
 7.THEORY AND FORMULA USED
 8.PROCEDURE
 9.OBSERVATION
 10.CALCULATION
 11.RESULT
 12.PRECAUTIONS
 13.SOURCES OF ERROR
CERTIFICATE

 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS BONAFIDE PROJECT WORK IN THE

SUBJECT OF PHYSICS HAD BEEN DONE BY HIMANSHI SAINI, SHAMSHER
SINGH,VANSH KUMAR, SEJAL HALDAR, VARNIKA CHAUDHARY, ADITYA
KUMAR SINGH, UTKARSH SHANKAR, NIKHIL KUMAR MISHRA IN THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25 FOR FIRST SEMESTER PHYSICS PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION CONDUCTED AT NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR PROFESSOR WHO GAVE US OUR

CHANCE TO MAKE THIS PROJECT THROUGH WHICH WE HAVE GAINED
VALUABLE INFORMATION ON THE TOPIC “CALCULATING THE NUMERICAL
APERTURE AND ANGEL OF ACCEPTANCE OF AN OPTICAL FIBRE.” WE
WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR FRIENDS IN COMPLETING THIS PROJECT.
WITHOUT THEIR SUPPORT, THIS PROJECT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
POSSIBLE.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. TO FIND THE VALUE OF g BY BAR-PENDULUM AND FIND THE RADIUS OF GYRATION

2. TO FIND THE WAVELENGTH OF HE-NE-LASER USING DIFFRACTION GRATING
3. TO FIND THE NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE OF AN OPTICAL
FIBER
4. TO FIND THE WAVELENGTH OF SODIUM LIGHT BY NEWTON’S RINGS
5. TO DETERMINE EXPERIMENTALLY THE WAVELENGTH OF MURCURY GREEN LIGHT USING
A DIFFRACTION GRATING
6. TO FIND THE SPECIFIC ROTATION OF CANESUGAR BY POLARIMETER
THEORY

 AN OPTICAL FIBER IS A FLEXIBLE, TRANSPARENT FIBER MADE OF GLASS

(SLICE) OR PLASTIC, SLIGHTLY THICKER THAN A HUMAN HAIR.
 OPTICAL FIBERS ARE USED MOST OFTEN AS A MEANS TO TRANSMIT
LIGHT BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS OF THE FIBER AND FIND WIDE USAGE
IN FIBER-OPTIC-COMMUNICATIONS, WHERE THEY PERMIT
TRANSMISSION OVER LONGER DISTANCES AND AT HIGHER
BANDWIDTHS (DATA RATES) THAN ELECTRICAL CABLES.
WHAT IS THE CORE OF AN OPTICAL
FIBER?
 THE CORE OF A CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL FIBER IS A CYLINDER OF GLASS OR PLASTIC
THAT RUNS ALONG THE FIBERS’ LENGTH. THE CORE IS SURROUNDED BY A MEDIUM
WITH LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX ,TYPICALLY A CLADDING OF A DIFFERENT GLASS OR
PLASTIC.
THE CLADDING IS ONE OR MORE LAYERS OF MATERIALS OF REFRACTIVE INDEX
RELATIVELY LOWER THAN THE OPTICAL FIBER, IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH IT. WE NEED A
CLADDING OF RELATIVELY LOWER REFRACTIVE INDEX TO INSURE THAT TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION TAKES PLACE WITHIN THE OPTIC FIBER FOR THE
TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT.
WHAT IS A BUFFER COATING ?

 A FIBER OPTIC CABLE IS GENERALLY SURROUNDED BY A BUFFER

COATING WHICH ACTS LIKE A SHOCK ABSORBER FOR THE CABLE, IN
OTHER WORDS,IT PROTECTS THE CABLE FROM PHYSICAL DAMAGE
AND ALSO PREVENTS THE OPTICAL FIBER FROM SCATTERING LOSSES
CAUSED BY MICRO BENDS. THE BUFFER IS ELASTIC AND IS A TYPE OF
PLASTIC. SOMETIMES,A METALLIC SHEATHE IS ADDED TO THE COATING
FOR FURTHER PHYSICAL PROTECTION.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF AN
OPTIC FIBER

 AN OPTIC FIBER WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL INTERNAL

REFLECTION. THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE CORE IS HIGHER THAN
THAT OF THE CLADDING, THEREFORE WHEN A RAY STRIKES THE
INTERFACE OF THE TWO MEDIA AT AN ANGLE GREATER THEN THE
CRITICAL ANGLE, IT GETS TOTALLY INTERNLLY REFLECTED. THIS
HAPPENS EVERY TIME THE LIGHT RAY STRIKES THE INTERFACE. IN THIS
WAY IT GETS PROPOGATED ALL ALONG.
WHAT IS ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE
OF AN OPTICAL FIBER ?

 THE MAXIMUM INCIDENCE ANGLE OF A LIGHT RAY WHICH CAN BE USED

FOR INJECING LIGHT INTO A FIBER CORE IS CALLED THE ANGLE OF
ACCEPTANCE.
 THE LIGHT RAY SHOULD STRIKE THE FIBER END WITHIN THIS CONE OF
ACCEPTANCE EISE IT IS REFRACTED OUT OF THE FIBER.
WHAT IS NUMERICAL APERTURE?

 NUMERICAL APERTURE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER IS DEFINED AS THE LIGHT

GATHERING CAPABILITY OF THE FIBER.
 NUMERICAL APERTURE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER IS THE SINE OF THE
ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE OF THAT FIBER.
 NUMERICAL APERTURE ALSO REFERS TO THE MAXIMUM ANGLE AT
WHICH THE LIGHT INCIDENT ON THE FIBRE END IS TOTALLY INTERNALLY
REFLECTED AND IS PROPERLY TRANSMITTED ALONG THE FIBER.
USES OF OPTICAL FIBRES

 MEDICAL USE
 LIGHTING AND DECORATION PURPOSE
 COMMUNICATION
1. MEDICAL USE

 THE INTRINSIC PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMBINED WITH

ITS VERSATILITY IN REMOTE SENSING MAKE IT ATTRACTIVE TECNOLOGY FOR
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS.
 AN OPTICAL FIBER INSTRUMENT USED TO SEE THE INTERNAL PARTS OF HUMAN
BODY OF ENDOSCOPE. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PREVELANT APPLICATIONS OF
FIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINE ARE IN THEIMAGING AND ILLUMINATION
COMPONENTS OF ENDOSCOPES.
 THE ENDOSCOPE FACILITIES THE PHYSICIANS TO SEE THE INTERNAL PARTS OF
THE BODY WITHOUT PERFORMING SURGERY.

 EXTENSIVELY USED FOR VISULIZATION OF INTERNAL ORGANS AND TISSUE, OTHER

USES OF FIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINE INCLUDE REMOTE SPECTOPHOTOMETRY,
PRESSURE AND POSITION SENSING, OR SCINTILLATION COUNTING. THESE OTHER
APPLICATIONS,SUCH AS INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS AND IN VIVO
OXIMETERS, ARE DESCRIBED.
 2. LIGHTING AND DECORATION

 THE USE OF FIBER OPTICS IN THE AREA OF DECORATIVE ILLUMINATION HAS ALSO
GROWN OVER THE YEARS.
 FIBER OPTICS CABLES PROVIDE AN EASY, ECONOMICAL AND ATTRACTIVE SOLUTION
TO LIGHTING PROJECTS, AS A RESULT THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN LIGHTING
DECORATIONS AND ILLUMILATING.
3. COMMUNICATION

 FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION IS A METHOD OF TRANSMITTING FROM ONE PLACE

TO ANOTHER BY SENDING PULSES OF LIGHT THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBER.
OPTICAL FIBERS ARE USED BY MANY TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES TO
TRANSMIT TELEPHONE SIGNALS, INTERNET COMMUNICATION AND CABLE
TELEVISION SIGNALS OVER LONG DISTANCES.
 AIM :-

TO FIND THE NUMERICAL APERTURE AND

ANGLE OF ACCEPTANNCE OF OPTICAL FIBER.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

 OPTICAL FIBER
 HE-NE-LASER
 OPTICAL BENCH
 OPTICAL MOUNTS
FORMULA USED

 NUMERICAL APERTURE OF THE OPTICAL FIBER = SINθ

 SINθ = R/(R^2+D^2)^1/2
 SO, θ = SIN^-1(R^2+D^2) WHERE θ IS THE ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE
 D IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE FIBER AND DETECTOR
 R IS THE RADIUS OF THE SPOT
 PROCEDURE

 CONNECT ONE OF THE ENDS OF THE FIBER OF THE HE-NE-LASER.

 TAKE THE OTHER END OF THE FIBER AND PROJECT THE LIGHT OUTPUT ON TO THE CIRCLE TARGET
PROVIDED.
 DETERMINE THE CIRCLE RADIUS OF THE LIGHT AND THE DISTANCE FROM FIBER END TO THE
CIRCLE.
 CALCULATE THE ACCEPTANCE ANGLE AND BY TAKING THE SINE OF THE ACCEPTANCE ANGLE FIND
THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF THE FIBER.
 NOW FOR THE SAME FIBER REPEAT PROCEDURE FOR AT LEAST 4 OTHER VALUES OF THE
DISTANCE.
 FINALLY TAKE THE AVERAGE OF THE 5 NUMERICAL APERTURE VALUES TO GET YOUR FINAL RESULT.
OBSERVATION TABLE

DISTANCE DIAMETER RADIUS OF NUMERICAL ACEPTANCE

BETWEEN OF CIRCLE(MM) APERTURE ANGLE(θ)
SCREEN AND CIRCLE(MM)
END OF
OPTICAL
FIBER(MM)
4.3 4 2 0.4217 24.9419

4.6 8 4 0.3280 19.1474

5.0 12 6 0.2560 14.8328

CALCULATIONS

 NA MEAN = 0.3352
 ACCEPTANCE ANGLE MEAN = 19.6457°
 % ERROR FOR NA = 7.22%
 % ERROR FOR ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE = 7.84%
 PRECAUTIONS

 THE PLANE OF THE RECEVING END OF THE LASER SHOULD BE NORMAL TO THE INCIDENT
LASER.
 THE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE SHOULD BE FREE FROM TWISTS AND FOLDS SO AS TO AVOID ANY
POWER LOSS.
 AS FER AS POSSIBLE , EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN DARK ROOM ENVIRONMENT.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

 THE RECEVING END OF THE FIBER MIGHT NOT BE CLOSE TO THE LASER AND THE EMERGING
END MIGHT NOT BE CLOSELY PLACED TO THE DICTECTOR.
 THE ENDS OF THE FIBER MAY NOT BE POLISHED AND CLEAN SO THAT NO INCIDENT LIGHT IS
REFLECTED BACK FROM THE CORE.