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Properties of 2D Systems

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28 views19 pages

Properties of 2D Systems

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ARJUN RAMAN
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PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL


SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
19U504 –DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
PROPERTIES OF 2D SYSTEM:TIME INVARIANCE

THARUNIGHA S 22U254
SWETHAA P 22U253
PADMA.J 22U229
Date : 30.09.2024
Properties of 2D
Systems: Time
Invariance
What is 2D System?
• a system that processes signals or data, such as images
or spatial signals that vary over horizontal (x-axis)
and vertical (y-axis) dimensions.
• the input signal is typically represented as f(x1,x2),
output signal is h(x1,x2)
where x1​and x2 are the two independent variables
• Operations like 2D convolution, 2D Fourier
Transforms, and filtering are key components in
analyzing and manipulating 2D signals.
What is Time Invariance?
• If the input and output characteristics of a system do
not change with time, the system is called the time-
invariant system.
• Mathematically, the system is time-invariant if:
T{f(t−t0​)}=h(t−t0​)
• This equation means that if the input is shifted by t0
units in time, the output will also be shifted by t0 units
without any change in shape or behavior of the signal.
Time Invariance in 2-D Systems
• For a 2D system to be time-invariant (or shift-
invariant), if the input signal f(x1,x2) is shifted in either
or both dimensions by some value (Δ1,Δ2) the output
must also be shifted by the same amount, without
changing its form.
• Mathematically, the condition for time invariance is:
T{f(x1​−Δ1​,x2​−Δ2​)}=h(x1​−Δ1​,x2​−Δ2​)
Importance of Time Invariance in 2D
System
• Predictability: Time-invariant systems behave
consistently over time or space, making them easier to
predict and analyze.
• Efficient Filtering: Many common filtering operations in
2D DSP, such as image blurring or edge detection,
assume time invariance, simplifying design and
implementation.
• Convolution Properties: Time-invariant systems allow
the use of convolution for system analysis, making them
crucial for designing filters and performing tasks like
image enhancement, smoothing, or sharpening.
Characteristics of Time Invariant System
• Time-invariant system follow the principle of
superposition.
• The output of the system depends only on the past and
present input
• The Time-invariant system is unaffected from the shift
in input signal it means whenever the input signal is
applied system produces the same output
Properties of Time-Invariant Systems
• Input and output relationship: A time-invariant system
will always produce the same output for a given input,
regardless of when the input was applied.
• Transfer function: The transfer function of a time-
invariant system is not a direct function of time, except
as expressed by the input and output.
• System block: A time-invariant system block commutes
with an arbitrary delay.
Time-Invariant System - Continuous-time
• Case
The time-invariance property of a continuous time system can be tested as
follows −
• Let x(t1,t2) be the input and x(t1-t01,t2-t02 )is the delayed input by t01and
t02 units.
• Then, the output of the system for the input x(t1,t2) is
x(t1​,t2​)→y(t1​,t2​)=T[x(t1​,t2​)]
• The output for the input x(t1-t01,t2-t02 ) is
• x(t1​−t01​,t2​−t02​)→y(t1​,t2​,t01​,t02​)=T[x(t1​−t01​,t2​−t02​)]=y(t1​,t2​)∣x(t1​−t01​
,t2​−t02​)​

• Also, the output delayed by t01 and t02 units is


y(t1​−t01​,t2​−t02​)=y(t1​,t2​)∣t1​=t1​−t01​,t2​=t2​−t02​​
• If
y(t1​,t2​,t01​,t02​)=y(t1​−t01​,t2​−t02​)
Continuation..

• That is, when the delayed output of the system is equal to


the output due to delayed input for all possible values of t1
and t2, then the given system is a time invariant system in
2D.
• If the continuous-time system is described by a partial
differential equation and if the coefficients of the
differential equation are constants, then the system is
called time-invariant system. For example,

• The system expressed by the above differential equation is


a time-invariant system because all its coefficients are
constants.
Time-Invariant System - Discrete-time Case

• In the 2D discrete-time case, the time-invariance property is


known as shift invariance.
• A given system is time invariant or not can be tested as follows
−
• Consider x(n1,n2) is the input and x(n1​−k1​,n2​−k2​) is the
delayed input to the given discrete time system.
• Then, the output of the system corresponding to the x(n1,n2) is
given by
x(n1​,n2​)→y(n1​,n2​)=T[x(n1​,n2​)]
• And the output for the delayed input is:
x(n1​−k1​,n2​−k2​)→y(n1​,n2​,k1​,k2​)=T[x(n1​−k1​,n2​−k2​)]=y(n1​,n2​)∣x(n1​−k1​
,n2​−k2​)​
Continuation…

• Also, the output of the system delayed by k1 and k2 units is


y(n1​−k1​,n2​−k2​)=y(n1​,n2​)∣n1​=n1​−k1​,n2​=n2​−k2​​
• If:
y(n1​,n2​,k1​,k2​)=y(n1​−k1​,n2​−k2​)
• That is, when the delayed output of the system is equal to the output
due to delayed input for all possible values of ni and n2 then the given
system is a time invariant system.
• If the discrete-time system is described by a difference equation and if
the coefficients of the difference equation are constants, then the given
system will be a time-invariant system. For example,
• 𝑦(𝑛1,n2) + 5𝑦(𝑛1 − 2, 𝑛2 -2) + 4𝑦(𝑛1 − 1, 𝑛2-1) = 5𝑥(𝑛1,n2)
• The system described by the above difference equation is a time-
invariant system because all the coefficients are constants.
PROOF

• Consider a 2D signal 𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)x(m,n) as the input to a system 𝑇T. The system is


said to be time-invariant if shifting the input signal

𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)x(m,n) by some amount 𝑡0t 0​ results in the same shift in the output.
• For a 2D signal:𝑇{𝑥(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)}=𝑦(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)T{x(m−m 0​,n−n
0​)}=y(m−m 0​,n−n 0​)where (𝑚0,𝑛0)(m 0​,n 0​) are spatial or temporal shifts.
• 1. Let 𝑦(𝑚,𝑛)y(m,n) be the output when the input is 𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)x(m,n), i.e.,
• 𝑦(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑇{𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)}y(m,n)=T{x(m,n)}
• 2.Now shift the input by (𝑚0,𝑛0)(m 0​,n 0​) to get 𝑥(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)x(m−m
0​,n−n 0​). The output becomes:
• 𝑦′(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑇{𝑥(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)}y ′ (m,n)=T{x(m−m 0​,n−n 0​)}
• 3.If the system is time-invariant, the output of the shifted input should be:
• 𝑦′(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑦(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)y ′ (m,n)=y(m−m 0​,n−n 0​)
• Thus, the system is time-invariant if the output for the shifted input is just a
shifted version of the original output, proving time invariance.
PROBLEM
Consider a 2D system where the output is the result of filtering the input

𝑦(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)∗ℎ(𝑚,𝑛)y(m,n)=x(m,n)∗h(m,n)
signal using a filter with a fixed 2D impulse response:

Is the system time-invariant?

𝑥(𝑚,𝑛)x(m,n) with the filter's impulse response ℎ(𝑚,𝑛)h(m,n).


1. The system's output is defined by the convolution of the input signal

(𝑚0,𝑛0)(m 0​,n 0​), the new input is 𝑥(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)x(m−m 0​,n−n 0​).


2.If we shift the input signal By

𝑦′(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑥(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)∗ℎ(𝑚,𝑛)y ′ (m,n)=x(m−m 0​,n−n 0​)∗h(m,n)


3. The new output is the convolution of the shifted input:

the same amount:𝑦′(𝑚,𝑛)=𝑦(𝑚−𝑚0,𝑛−𝑛0)y ′ (m,n)=y(m−m 0​,n−n 0​)


4. By the property of convolution, this is equivalent to shifting the output by

Thus, the system is time-invariant because a shift in the input results in a


corresponding shift in the output.
REAL TIME APPLICATIONS

• Video Processing: Compression, object detection, augmented


reality.
• Medical Imaging: MRI reconstruction, ultrasound image
processing.
• Autonomous Vehicles: Obstacle detection, lane detection,
traffic sign recognition.
• Facial Recognition and Surveillance: Real-time recognition,
crowd monitoring.
• Speech and Audio Processing: Real-time speech recognition,
noise cancellation.
• Wireless Communication: Real-time signal processing, error-
free data transmission.
ADVANTAGES
• 1. Predictable behavior
• 2. simplifies analysis
• 3.Efficient
implementation
• 4.Energy conservation
• 5.Stable performance
DISADVANTAGES

• Lack of flexibility to handle


dynamic signals
• Limited scope for complex
signals
• Inability to adapt to changing
environment
• Limited response to evolving
signals
REFERENCES
• Jae S Lim , "Two Dimensional Signal and Image
Processing", 1st Edition, Prentice Hall, 1989.
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals-and-systems-tim
e-variant-and-time-invariant-systems
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/time-variant-and-invaria
nt-control-system/

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