Gabriel was asked by actor Joshua Garcia the following question:

“How do you distinguish a historian from a ‘Marites’?”

She answered:
“A historian is one who recognizes our
painful past with factual evidence.
Looking back our rich, vibrant history,
and as well as the times that our
humanity was trampled on and our
heritage was almost erased, if we look
at our past, we can surely move
onward and upward and rebuild. Rise
from this pandemic and dream for a
safer, healthier and happier
Philippines.”
https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2022/08/01/223714/historians-vs-marites-binibining-
pilipinas-2022-bet-stacey-gabriel-answer/
 Is History
Useful?
• It doesn’t help build
schools, fight fires, perform
operations, help sell
merchandise, or launch a
space shuttle.
• So…why do we study
history?
 History Helps Us Understand
OUR WORLD
• You cannot understand people if you do
not understand their past
• You cannot understand our community if
you do not know how it came to be
• You cannot understand our nation without
history
• You cannot understand our world if you do
not understand history
 History Give Us
Identity
• Studying history gives people a
sense of nationalism
• It gives groups such as ethnic,
organization, even schools a
sense of identity
• It gives family and personal
identity as well
 History Helps Us
Understand People
• People make up society and it
is very hard to test how that
kind of group behaves when it
is made up of 8 billion people
• History acts as a “social
laboratory”, one of the few
way we can help predict the
future behavior of such a
large group
Those That Study and
Understand History Become
Good Citizens
• It provides national identity
• Provides examples of success, morality and
of course the examples of the opposite
• Helps us understand current world affairs
and conflicts by understanding the root of
the problems
• Provides support for making decisions and
encourages, “responsible public behavior,
whether as a national or community leader,
an informed voter, a petitioner, or a simple
observer. ”
 Jobs of the Historian
• Historians have at
least four different
jobs
• Each of these jobs is
important to
understand the past
so we are able to
understand
ourselves, our
society and our world
 The Detective
• Investigates the past
• Determines what
happened
• Separates truth from
falsehoods or
misinterpretations
• Separates out bias in
historical writing to
find the truth (or as
close as possible)
 The Storyteller
• Tells the story of
history to others
• Imparts lessons,
morals, and other
learning of history
• Entertains and
fascinates with the
epic story of our
history
 The Judge
• Judges history and
makes moral decisions.
Example: was someone
evil or just
misunderstood?
• Ever heard the saying,
“We will see how
history judges me?”
• Sorts what should be
emulated and what
should be discarded
 The Philosopher
• Is a reflector and may also be
speculating on what was
right or wrong
• Ponders important questions
and attempts to pull out
meaning from history
• Not only speculates on the
lessons of the past but also
may attempt to predict the
future
 PRIMARY
SOURCE
SECONDARY
SOURCE
WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?
• Original records from the past
recorded by people who were:
• Involved in the event
• Witnessed the event, OR
• Knew the persons involved in the
event
WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?
• They can also be objects (artifacts)
or visual evidence.
• They give you an idea about what
people alive at the time saw or
thought about the event.
• Keep in mind that a primary source
reflects only one point of view and
may contain a person’s bias
(prejudice) toward an event.
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Printed Publications

Books, magazines, newspapers

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Personal Records

Diaries, journals, records

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Visual Materials

Paintings, drawings, sculpture

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Visual Materials

photographs, film, maps

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Oral Histories

Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends

passed down by word of mouth
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Songs and Poems

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Artifacts

Tools, ornaments, objects

What are secondary
sources?
• Secondary sources are made at
a later time.
• They include written information
by historians or others AFTER an
event has taken place.
What are secondary
sources?
Although they can be useful and
reliable, they cannot reflect what people
who lived at the time thought or felt
about the event.
But they can represent a more fair
account of the event because they can
include more than one point of view, or
may include information that was
unavailable at the time of the event.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY
SOURCES:

Textbooks, biographies,
histories, newspaper
report by someone who
was not present
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY
SOURCES:

Charts, graphs, or
images created
AFTER the time
period.
 EXTERNAL
CRITICISM
External Criticism refers to determining the
authenticity, validity, or trustworthiness of
the source

INTERNAL
CRITICISM
refers to the determination of the reliability or
accuracy of the information contained in the
source;
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCE?
- Asia Pacific Research Center
-Ateneo de Manila University.
American Historical Collection
-Ateneo de Manila University. Pardo
de Tavera Room
-De La Salle University. University
Archives
-Filipinas Heritage Library