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Nikhil Circles

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34 views12 pages

Nikhil Circles

Uploaded by

nomnomnamratha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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alled “Radius”.

Introduction to Circles

 As we know that a circle is a closed two-dimensional geometrical figure, such


that all points on the surface of a circle are equidistant from the point called
the “centre”. The distance from the centre to any point on the surface of a
circle is called “Radius”.
e.

Circle and Line in a Plane


 For a circle and a line on a plane, there can be three possibilities.
 i) they can be non-intersecting
 ii) they can have a single common point: in this case, the line touches
the circle.
 ii) they can have two common points: in this case, the line cuts the
circle.
Tangent
A tangent to a circle is
a line that touches the
circle at exactly one
point. For every point on
the circle, there is a
unique tangent passing
through it.
Secant
.

A secant to a
circle is a line that has
two points in common
with the circle. It cuts
the circle at two
points, forming a
chord of the circle.
Tangent as a Special Case of Secant
The tangent to a
circle can be seen
as a special case
of the secant when
the two endpoints
of its
corresponding
Two Parallel Tangents at most for a Given
Secant
For every
given secant of a
circle, there
are exactly two
tangents which are
parallel to it and
touches the circle at
two diametrically
opposite points.
Theorems
Tangent Perpendicular
to the Radius at the
Point of Contact
Theorem: The theorem
states that
“the tangent to the circle
at any point is
the perpendicular to
the radius of the circle
that passes through the
point of contact”.
Theorem Proof:
Assume a circle with centre “O” and XY being the tangent to the circle
at point “P”. Now, we have to prove that OP is perpendicular to the
tangent XY.
Now, consider a point Q on the tangent line XY, other than P. Join the
points OQ as shown in the figure.
Here, point Q should lie outside the circle. Because if the point Q lies
inside the circle, XY will not be a tangent to the circle. It means that XY
will become a secant of a circle.
So, OQ should be greater than the radius of the circle OP.
It means that
OQ > OP
As, this condition is obeyed for all points on line XY except P, OP should
be the shortest of all distances from the centre of the circle “O” to the
points of line XY.
Thus, we can conclude that OP is perpendicular to XY.
Hence, the theorem is proved.
The Number of Tangents Drawn from a Given Point

i) If the point is in an interior region of the circle, any


line through that point will be a secant.
So, no tangent can be drawn to a circle which passes
through a point that lies inside it.

AB is a secant drawn through the point Sii) When a


point of tangency lies on the circle, there
is exactly one tangent to a circle that passes
through it.

iii) When the point lies outside of the circle, there


are accurately two tangents to a circle through
it
Length of a Tangent

The length of the tangent


from the point (Say P) to
the circle is defined as
the segment of the
tangent from the
external point P to the
point of tangency I with
the circle. In this case, PI
is the tangent length.
Theorem: “The lengths of tangents drawn from an
external point to a circle are equal.”

Assume that we are provided with a circle whose centre is


“O” and P is the point that lies outside the circle.
The two tangents formed here are PQ ad PR on the circle
from the point P as shown in the figure.
Now, we have to prove PQ = PR.
To prove this, now we have to join OP, OQ, and OR.
According to the theorem “The tangent to the circle at
any point is perpendicular to the radius of the circle that
passes through the point of contact”, the angles formed
between the tangents and radii are right angles.
So, two right angles are formed, such as ∠OQP and
∠ORP.
Thus, from the radii of the same circle, we can write OQ =
OR.
Common side: OP = OP.
Hence, using the RHS congruence rule,
∆ OQP ≅ ∆ ORP
Thus, it gives PQ = PR [Using CPCT].
Hence the theorem is proved.
THANK YOU
THE HAPPY VALLEY SCHOOL

BY NIKHIL AND BHUVAN


GRADE 10

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