Chapter 5

Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators

Java How to Program, 11/e, Global Edition
Questions? E-mail paul.deitel@deitel.com

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5.1 Introduction
 for iteration statement
 do…while iteration statement
 switch multiple-selection statement
 break statement
 continue statement
 Logical operators
 Control statements summary.

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5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration
 Counter-controlled iteration requires
◦ a control variable (or loop counter)
◦ the initial value of the control variable
◦ the increment by which the control variable is modified each time through the
loop (also known as each iteration of the loop)
◦ the loop-continuation condition that determines if looping should continue.

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5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration (Cont.)
 In Fig. 5.1, the elements of counter-controlled iteration are defined in
lines 6, 8 and 10.
 Line 6 declares the control variable (counter) as an int, reserves
space for it in memory and sets its initial value to 1.
 The loop-continuation condition in the while (line 8) tests whether
the value of the control variable is less than or equal to 10 (the final
value for which the condition is true).
 Line 10 increments the control variable by 1 for each iteration of the
loop.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement
 for iteration statement
◦ Specifies the counter-controlled-iteration details in a single line of code.
◦ Figure 5.2 reimplements the application of Fig. 5.1 using for.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 When the for statement begins executing, the control variable is declared and
initialized.
 Next, the program checks the loop-continuation condition, which is between the
two required semicolons.
 If the condition initially is true, the body statement executes.
 After executing the loop’s body, the program increments the control variable in the
increment expression, which appears to the right of the second semicolon.
 Then the loop-continuation test is performed again to determine whether the
program should continue with the next iteration of the loop.
 A common logic error with counter-controlled iteration is an off-by-one error.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 The general format of the for statement is
for (initialization; loopContinuationCondition; increment) {
statement
}
◦ the initialization expression names the loop’s control variable and optionally
provides its initial value
◦ loopContinuationCondition determines whether the loop should continue
executing
◦ increment modifies the control variable’s value, so that the loop-continuation
condition eventually becomes false.
 The two semicolons in the for header are required.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 The for statement often can be represented with an
equivalent while statement as follows:
initialization;
while (loopContinuationCondition) {
statement
increment;
}
 Typically, for statements are used for counter-controlled
iteration and while statements for sentinel-controlled
iteration.
 If the initialization expression in the for header declares the
control variable, the control variable can be used only in that
for statement.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 A variable’s scope defines where it can be used in a program.
◦ A local variable can be used only in the method that declares it and only from the point of
declaration through the end of the method.

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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 All three expressions in a for header are optional.
◦ If the loopContinuationCondition is omitted, the condition is
always true, thus creating an infinite loop.
◦ You might omit the initialization expression if the program
initializes the control variable before the loop.
◦ You might omit the increment if the program calculates it with
statements in the loop’s body or if no increment is needed.
 The increment expression in a for acts as if it were a
standalone statement at the end of the for’s body, so
counter = counter + 1
counter += 1
++counter
counter++
are equivalent increment expressions in a for
statement.
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5.3 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 The initialization, loop-continuation condition and increment can
contain arithmetic expressions.
 For example, assume that x = 2 and y = 10. If x and y are not modified

in the body of the loop, the statement

for (int j = x; j <= 4 * x * y; j += y / x)
 is equivalent to the statement
for (int j = 2; j <= 80; j += 5)
 The increment of a for statement may be negative, in which case it’s a
decrement, and the loop counts downward.

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement
 a)Vary the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1.
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
 b)Vary the control variable from 100 to 1 in decrements of 1.
for (int i = 100; i >= 1; i--)
 c)Vary the control variable from 7 to 77 in increments of 7.
for (int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7)

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 d)Vary the control variable from 20 to 2 in decrements of 2.
for (int i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2)
 e)Vary the control variable over the values 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20.
for (int i = 2; i <= 20; i += 3)
 f)Vary the control variable over the values 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44, 33,
22, 11, 0.
for (int i = 99; i >= 0; i -= 11)

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 The initialization and increment expressions can be comma-separated
lists that enable you to use multiple initialization expressions or
multiple increment expressions.
 Although this is discouraged, the body of the for statement of Fig. 5.5
could be merged into the increment portion of the for header by using
a comma as follows:
for (int number = 2; number <= 20; total += number, number += 2) {
; // empty statement
}

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 Compound interest application
 A person invests $1,000 in a savings account yielding 5% interest.
Assuming that all the interest is left on deposit, calculate and print the
amount of money in the account at the end of each year for 10 years. Use
the following formula to determine the amounts:
a = p (1 + r)n
where
p is the original amount invested (i.e., the principal)
r is the annual interest rate (e.g., use 0.05 for 5%)
n is the number of years
a is the amount on deposit at the end of the nth year.

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 The solution to this problem (Fig. 5.6) involves a loop that performs the
indicated calculation for each of the 10 years the money remains on
deposit.
 Java treats floating-point constants like 1000.0 and 0.05 as type

double.
 Java treats whole-number constants like 7 and -22 as type int.

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 In the format specifier %20s, the integer 20 between the % and the
conversion character s indicates that the value output should be displayed
with a field width of 20—that is, printf displays the value with at least 20
character positions.
 If the value to be output is less than 20 character positions wide, the value is
right justified in the field by default.
 If the year value to be output were more thanhas more characters than the
field width, the field width would be extended to the right to accommodate
the entire value.
 To indicate that values should be output left justified, precede the field
width with the minus sign (–) formatting flag (e.g., %-20s).

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 Classes provide methods that perform common tasks on objects.
 Most methods must be called on a specific object.
 Someclasses also provide methods that perform common tasks and do not require
you to first create objects of those classes. These are called static methods.
 Java does not include an exponentiation operator—Math class static method
pow can be used for raising a value to a power.
 You can call a static method by specifying the class name followed by a dot (.)
and the method name, as in
 ClassName.methodName(arguments)
 Math.pow(x, y) calculates the value of x raised to the y th power. The method
receives two double arguments and returns a double value.

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement (Cont.)
 In the format specifier %,20.2f, the comma (,) formatting flag indicates
that the floating-point value should be output with a grouping separator.
 Separator is specific to the user’s locale (i.e., country).
 In the United States, the number will be output using commas to separate
every three digits and a decimal point to separate the fractional part of the
number, as in 1,234.45.
 The number 20 in the format specification indicates that the value should be
output right justified in a field width of 20 characters.
 The .2 specifies the formatted number’s precision—in this case, the number
is rounded to the nearest hundredth and output with two digits to the right
of the decimal point.

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5.5 do…while Iteration Statement
 The do…while iteration statement is similar to the while
statement.
 In the while, the program tests the loop-continuation condition at the
beginning of the loop, before executing the loop’s body; if the condition
is false, the body never executes.
 The do…while statement tests the loop-continuation condition after
executing the loop’s body; therefore, the body always executes at least
once.
 When a do…while statement terminates, execution continues with
the next statement in sequence.

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5.5 do…while Iteration Statement (Cont.)
 Figure 5.8 contains the UML activity diagram for the do…while
statement.
 The diagram makes it clear that the loop-continuation condition is not

evaluated until after the loop performs the action state at least once.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
 switch multiple-selection statement performs different actions
based on the possible values of a constant integral expression of type
byte, short, int or char.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 The end-of-file indicator is a system-dependent keystroke combination which the
user enters to indicate that there is no more data to input.
 On UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X systems, end-of-file is entered by typing the sequence
 <Ctrl> d
 on a line by itself. This notation means to simultaneously press both the Ctrl key
and the d key.
 On Windows systems, end-of-file can be entered by typing
 <Ctrl> z
 On some systems, you must press Enter after typing the end-of-file key sequence.
 Windows typically displays the characters ^Z on the screen when the end-of-file
indicator is typed.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 Scanner method hasNext determine whether there is more data to
input. This method returns the boolean value true if there is more
data; otherwise, it returns false.
 As long as the end-of-file indicator has not been typed, method

hasNext will return true.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 The switch statement consists of a block that contains a sequence of case
labels and an optional default case.
 The program evaluates the controlling expression in the parentheses
following keyword switch.
 The program compares the controlling expression’s value (which must evaluate
to an integral value of type byte, char, short or int, or to a String) with
each case label.
 If a match occurs, the program executes that case’s statements.
 The break statement causes program control to proceed with the first
statement after the switch.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 switch does not provide a mechanism for testing ranges of values—every value
must be listed in a separate case label.
 Note that each case can have multiple statements.
 switch differs from other control statements in that it does not require braces
around multiple statements in a case.
 Without break, the statements for a matching case and subsequent cases execute
until a break or the end of the switch is encountered. This is called “falling
through.”
 If no match occurs between the controlling expression’s value and a case label, the
default case executes.
 If no match occurs and there is no default case, program control simply
continues with the first statement after the switch.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 Figure 5.10 shows the UML activity diagram for the general switch
statement.
 Most switch statements use a break in each case to terminate the

switch statement after processing the case.

 The break statement is not required for the switch’s last case (or

the optional default case, when it appears last), because execution

continues with the next statement after the switch.

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement (Cont.)
 When using the switch statement, remember that each case must contain
a constant integral expression.
 An integer constant is simply an integer value.
 In addition, you can use character constants—specific characters in single
quotes, such as 'A', '7' or '$'—which represent the integer values of
characters.
 The expression in each case can also be a constant variable—a variable
that contains a value which does not change for the entire program. Such a
variable is declared with keyword final.
 Java has a feature called enum types—enum type constants can also be used
in case labels.

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5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in
switch Statements
 Strings can be used as controlling expressions in switch statements, and
String literals can be used in case labels.
 App requirements:
◦ You’ve been hired by an auto insurance company that serves these northeast
states—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont. The company would like you
to create a program that produces a report indicating for each of their auto
insurance policies whether the policy is held in a state with “no-fault” auto
insurance—Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.

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5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in
switch Statements (Cont.)
 Class AutoPolicy represents an auto insurance policy. The class contains:
 int instance variable accountNumber to store the policy’s account number
 String instance variable makeAndModel to store the car’s make and model (such as a
"Toyota Camry")
 String instance variable state to store a two-character state abbreviation representing the
state in which the policy is held (e.g., "MA" for Massachusetts)
 a constructor that initializes the class’s instance variables

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5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in
switch Statements (Cont.)
 methods setAccountNumber and getAccountNumber to set and get an AutoPolicy’s
accountNumber instance variable
 methods setMakeAndModel and getMakeAndModel to set and get an AutoPolicy’s
makeAndModel instance variable
 methods setState and getState to set and get an AutoPolicy’s state instance variable
 method isNoFaultState to return a boolean value indicating whether the policy is held in a
no-fault auto insurance state; note the method name—the naming convention for a get method
that returns a boolean value is to begin the name with "is" rather than "get" (such a method
is commonly called a predicate method).

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5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in
switch Statements (Cont.)
 Class AutoPolicyTest (Fig. 5.12) creates two AutoPolicy objects.

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5.8 break and continue Statements
 The break statement, when executed in a while, for, do…while or
switch, causes immediate exit from that statement.
 Execution continues with the first statement after the control

statement.
 Common uses of the break statement are to escape early from a loop

or to skip the remainder of a switch.

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5.8 break and continue Statements (Cont.)
 The continue statement, when executed in a while, for or do…
while, skips the remaining statements in the loop body and proceeds
with the next iteration of the loop.
 In while and do…while statements, the program evaluates the loop-

continuation test immediately after the continue statement executes.

 In a for statement, the increment expression executes, then the

program evaluates the loop-continuation test.

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5.9 Logical Operators
 Java’s logical operators enable you to form more complex conditions
by combining simple conditions.
 The logical operators are
◦ && (conditional AND)
◦ || (conditional OR)
◦ & (boolean logical AND)
◦ | (boolean logical inclusive OR)
◦ ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)
◦ ! (logical NOT).
 [Note: The &, | and ^ operators are also bitwise operators when they
are applied to integral operands.]

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 The & (conditional AND) operator ensures that two conditions are
both true before choosing a certain path of execution.
 The table in Fig. 5.15 summarizes the && operator. The table shows all

four possible combinations of false and true values for expression1

and expression2.
 Such tables are called truth tables. Java evaluates to false or true

all expressions that include relational operators, equality operators or

logical operators.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 The || (conditional OR) operator ensures that either or both of two
conditions are true before choosing a certain path of execution.
 Figure 5.16 is a truth table for operator conditional OR (||).
 Operator && has a higher precedence than operator ||.
 Both operators associate from left to right.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 The parts of an expression containing && or || operators are evaluated
only until it’s known whether the condition is true or false. T
 This feature of conditional AND and conditional OR expressions is

called short-circuit evaluation.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 The boolean logical AND (&) and boolean logical inclusive OR (|)
operators are identical to the && and || operators, except that the &
and | operators always evaluate both of their operands (i.e., they do not
perform short-circuit evaluation).
 This is useful if the right operand has a required side effect—a

modification of a variable’s value.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 A simple condition containing the boolean logical exclusive OR (^)
operator is true if and only if one of its operands is true and the
other is false.
 If both are true or both are false, the entire condition is false.
 Figure 5.17 is a truth table for the boolean logical exclusive OR

operator (^).
 This operator is guaranteed to evaluate both of its operands.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 The ! (logical NOT, also called logical negation or logical complement)
operator “reverses” the meaning of a condition.
 The logical negation operator is a unary operator that has only one condition
as an operand.
 The logical negation operator is placed before a condition to choose a path of
execution if the original condition (without the logical negation operator) is
false.
 In most cases, you can avoid using logical negation by expressing the
condition differently with an appropriate relational or equality operator.
 Figure 5.18 is a truth table for the logical negation operator.

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5.9 Logical Operators (Cont.)
 Figure 5.19 produces the truth tables discussed in this section.
 The %b format specifier displays the word “true” or the word “false”

based on a boolean expression’s value.

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5.10 Structured Programming Summary
 Figure 5.21 uses UML activity diagrams to summarize Java’s control
statements.
 Java includes only single-entry/single-exit control statements—there is only
one way to enter and only one way to exit each control statement.
 Connecting control statements in sequence to form structured programs is
simple. The final state of one control statement is connected to the initial
state of the next—that is, the control statements are placed one after another
in a program in sequence. We call this control-statement stacking.
 The rules for forming structured programs also allow for control statements
to be nested.

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5.10 Structured Programming Summary (Cont.)
 Structured programming promotes simplicity.
 Bohm and Jacopini: Only three forms of control are needed to

implement an algorithm:
◦ sequence
◦ selection
◦ iteration
 The sequence structure is trivial. Simply list the statements to execute
in the order in which they should execute.

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5.10 Structured Programming Summary (Cont.)
 Selection is implemented in one of three ways:
◦ if statement (single selection)
◦ if…else statement (double selection)
◦ switch statement (multiple selection)
 The simple if statement is sufficient to provide any form of selection
—everything that can be done with the if…else statement and the
switch statement can be implemented by combining if statements.

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5.10 Structured Programming Summary (Cont.)
 Iteration is implemented in one of four ways:
◦ while statement
◦ do…while statement
◦ for statement
◦ Enhanced for statement
 The while statement is sufficient to provide any form of iteration.
Everything that can be done with do…while and for can be done
with the while statement.

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5.10 Structured Programming Summary (Cont.)
 Combining these results illustrates that any form of control ever
needed in a Java program can be expressed in terms of
◦ sequence
◦ if statement (selection)
◦ while statement (iteration)
and that these can be combined in only two ways—stacking and
nesting.

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5.11 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing
Rectangles and Ovals

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