PERSONAL

IDENTIFICATION
TECHNNIQUES
MARDY B. VILLAHERMOSA, RCrim.
 PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

A system of recognizing and

identifying a particular
person based on his/her
characteristics as
differentiate from other.
 FINGERPRINT
is an impression or
reproduction of the
ridge of the first joint of
the fingers or thumb
which is made visible
through the medium of
sweat, ink or
ingredients capable of
producing visibility
 PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION

CRIMINAL ANTHROPOMETRY IRIS RECOGNITION

CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY GAIT ANALYSIS

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY POROSCOPY

PHOTOGRAPHY SEROLOGY
 Forensic Odontology
• This system measures the teeth structure as a means of
identification. Investigators usually resort to this identification
system in cases where a skull or skeletal remains are found and no
other means of identification can established. Likewise, bite mark
evidence can have particular value in investigations of sexual
assaults, homicide involving homosexuals and cases involving
battered or abused children. Bite marks evidence results from an
impression of the teeth being left in food products, on the skin of
victims, or even in chewing gum and other objects such as pencil.
• The points of comparison of bite marks are the alignment of teeth
and their position, relationships, and irregularities in a questioned
bite mark with the same characteristics in a known mark. The most
famous trial to rely on bite mark evidence was the case of Ted Bundy
in Florida. On January 15, 1978, Bundy attacked young women in the
University of Florida sorority house. This was the case that
eventually helped the police in arresting Ted Bundy.
 Serology
• Serology is used to describe a broad scope
of laboratory tests that utilize antigen and
serum antibody reactions. This is a system of
identifying a person through a scientific
examination of blood, semen and other body
fluids. The concept of a specific antigen-
antibody reaction is one that is finding
application in other areas unrelated to the blood
typing of individuals. Most significantly, this
approach has been extended to the detection of
drugs in blood and urine.
 DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is functionally the
hereditary material that contains the generic information
necessary for the duplication of cells and for the
reproduction of proteins. This chemical substance is found in
all cells whose composition had been passed on from
parents to children. It is an extraordinary molecule that
carries out the task of controlling the generic traits of all
living cells. The two chains of DNA, which make up each of
the 46 chromosomes are arranged to make a long spiraling
ladder forming a double helix.
• DNA was first discovered by a German bio-chemist Friedrich
Miesher in 1869. However the actual structure of DNA was
determined in 1953 by James D. Watson (American
Biochemist), Francis Crick (British Molecular Biologist) and
Maurice Wilkins (British Biophysicist).
 Early Methods of Identification

Personal Identification during ancient period is very

essential since recidivist or repeat offender will
receive severe penalty if found to be one. Thus,
proper identification is required to every felon prior to
be admitted in jail for future reference, but
fingerprinting is not yet in the vocabulary of the
prison administrator during this period. The following
were the methods employed
1.Branding
2.Mutilation
3.Tattooing
4.Descriptive clothing
5.Measurement of the height. (Quetelet’s method)
6.Photographic eye (Eugene Francois Vidocq
method)
7.Photographing (Daguerreotyping
8.Anthropological measurement or Bertillion age
DACTYLOGRAP DACTYLOSCOPY
HY
The scientific study of Greek words
fingerprint as a means of Dactyl (finger)
Skopein ( to study or
identification.
examine)
The practical application of
the science of fingerprints
 DACTYLOMANCY DERMATOGLYPHIC
S
The scientific study of fingerprint - The science which deals with
for purposes of personality the study of skin pattern.
interpretation. - It is derived from two Greek
words.
- Derma (Skin)
- Glype (carve)
 ALLIED SCIENCES OF
FINGERPRINTS
CHIROSCOPY PODOSCOPY POROSCOPY
- Greek word - Greek words - Greek words
- Chier (hand) - Podo ( foot) - Poros ( Pores)
- Skopein (to - Skopien ( to - Skopein ( to
examine) examine) examine)
- The scientific - The scientific - The scientific
study which study which examination of
deals with the deals with the the sweat pores.
study of the study of the
prints of the footprints.
palms of the
hand.
 IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN THE STUDY OF
FINGERPRINT

Alphonse M. Bertillon  He was a French Police Officer and Biometrics

Researcher who applied the anthropological
technique of anthropometry to law enforcement
creating an identification system based on physical
measurements.
 The Father of Personal Identification.
 The Father of Mug Shot Photography.
 He introduced the Anthropometry or Human
Measurement or
 He calculated that “the probability of two people
having precisely the same 11 measurements was
one in four million (1:4 million).
 He was a pioneer in forensic science
Dr. Edmond Locard
who became known as the “Sherlock
Holmes of France”.
Father of Forensic Science
First of Police Laboratory in 1910.
Locard’s Exchange Principle. “ The
law of mutual exchange. It is not
possible to come in contact with an
environment without changing it.
He established the use of
“Poroscopy” in personal
identification in 1912.
Father of Poroscopy.
 Dr. J.C.A. Mayer
(Johan Christoph Andreas Mayer)

 A German Anatomist .

 He was the first to state that fingerprints

are never duplicated in two persons

 Principles of Individuality
( No two persons have the same fingerprint )
Sir Francis Galton  He developed the Arch, Loop and
Whorl Patterns as general
classification and identified 9 types of
pattern.

 First to establish a Civil Bureau of

Personal Identification.

 The inventor of Dermatographics.

 He said that the possibility of two

prints being alike was 1:64 Billion.
Dr. Henry Faulds  A surgeon at Tsukiji Hospital, Tokyo,
Japan, who claimed that latent prints
would provide positive identification
of offenders once apprehended

 Principles of Infallibility.
( The fingerprint is a positive science and
reliable means of identification. It cannot
easily be forged.)
HERMANN WELCKER
 He was a German anatomist and
anthropological who was born in Giessen.

 He took his own fingerprints twice with a

lapse of forty-one years and show the ridges
formation remains the same.

 Principles in Permanency
(It states that “the friction ridge once fully
developed will remain the same throughout man’s
life”)
Johannes Evangelist Purkynje

 The Father of Dactyloscopy

Professor at the University of Breslau, Germany
 In his study, he describes and illustrates fingerprints
ridge formation into nine different types which was
classified in Latin with the following English
translation: Transverse Curve, Central Longitudinal
Stria, Oblique Stripe, Oblique Loop, Almont whorl,
Spiral Whorl, Ellipse, Circle, and the Double whorl.

 He was the first to recognize these patterns and

classify them into a system.
Juan Vucetich  An Argentine Anthropologist and police
official who pioneered the use of
fingerprinting.
 A Spanish counterpart of Henry who
developed his own system of
classification in Argentina and was
accepted in almost all Spanish speaking
country.
 1892 Vucetich made the first positive
identification of a criminal in a case
where Francisca Rojas had killed her
two children and then cut her throat,
trying to put the blame on the outside
Sir Edward Richard Henry

 The Modern Father of

Fingerprint
 He developed the Henry System of
Classification at Scotland yard which
was accepted by almost all English
speaking Country.
 The method of fingerprinting to
identify criminals
Marcello Malpighi
 The Father of Microscopical Anatomy,
Histology, Physiology & Embryology
 A professor at the University of
Bologna, Italy, known for his
discovery of the Epidermis and
dermis layer. Written the books
entitled, “ De Externo Tactus Organo”
 Grand Father of Fingerprint.
 He originated the term loops and
spiral.
 One of the part was name after him
Malphigian Layer.
Sir William James Herschel

• The first to advocates the use of

Fingerprints as substitute for
signature from among Indian native
to avoid impersonation.
• But his request to be official
adoption of fingerprint was ignored
by the government.
• He was the first actual try out in
establishing the individuality.
GALTON & HENRY SYSTEM GALTON –HENRY SYSTEM
WITH FBI MODIFICATION
AND EXTENSION
ARCH (3) ARCH (2) (5%)
- Plain Arch - Plain Arch
- Tented Arch - Tented Arch
- Exceptional Arch LOOP (2) (60%)
LOOP (4) - Radial loop
- Plain loop - Ulnar loop
- Lateral Loop WHORL (4) (35%)
- Twin Loop - Plain Whorl
- Central Pocket Loop - Central Pocket loop Whorl
WHORL - Double loop whorl
-Plain Whorl - Accidental Whorl
-Accidental Whorl
1. Generoso Reyes- the first filipino fingerprint technician employed by
Philipine Constabulary
2. Isabela Bernales – The First Filipin a Fingerprint Technician
3. Mary K. Holand – the first American Instructress in Dactyloscopy
4. Lucila Lalu – the first Filipina Chop-chop Lady who was identified
through Fingerprint.
5. John Dillinger - A known criminal who tried to effaced his fingerprint
by burning them with acid, but to no avail. The acid temporarily destroys the
fingerprint but the prints restore to its original formation few days later.
6. Roscoe James Philips A man who was once considered as a man without
fingerprint. He surgically removed the fingerprint of the first of his fingers
and covered it with another skin from his chest. His efforts however trun
futile.
Basal( Proximal Phalange )
- it is located at the base of the
finger nearest the palm.

Middle Phalange
- the next and above the basal
done

Terminal Phalange
- the particular bone covered
with friction skin, having all the
different types of fingerprint
patterns and it is located near
the tip of the finger.
 General Rules on Ridge Destruction
- Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary damage
- Destruction of the Dermis – Permanent Damage
- Cut – a depth of more than 1mm will constitute permanent scar
 CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF FINGERS AND TOES

1.MACRO DACTYL - it is enlargement of finger or toes

2.POLYDACTYL- it is a congenital physical anomaly in humans having
supernumerary fingers or toes.
3.SYNDACTYL - having two or more fingers or toes joined together,
congenital abnormality
4.ORTHODACTYL - in this case the fingers or toes cannot be flexed,
ordinarily as a result of symphalangy
5.ECTODACTYL - the congenital absence of one or more digits. Sufferers
may be born with as few as two fingers and a thumb on one or both
hands.
6.ANKYLOSIS - a bone condition in which the fingers joints cannot be
 RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

1. Bifurcating ridge or bifurcation – A ridge

in which a single ridge, splits or divides into
two or more ridges. It resembles a fork
shape. A single ridges that runs and divide
into two branch.
2. Ending Ridge – it refers to an abrupt end of
a ridge ; a point where ridge terminates and
ends
 RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
3. Short Ridge – it is a ridge with
limited length.

4. Ridge Dot (island Ridge) – It

refers to a ridge formation in a form of
a dot or period.
 RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS

5. Diverging ridge – the two ridge that

spread apart

6. Enclosure (lake or eyelet) – a single ridge that divides

into two but does not remain open and meet at a certain point
to form the original single ridge.
7. Converging Ridge - a ridge formation characterized by a
closed angular end and serves as a point of convergence
(meeting of two ridges that were previously running side by
side).

8. Fragmentary Ridge - group of series of short ridges less

than 3mm length.
9. Ridge Bridge - a ridge that connects one ridge to the
other, it is sometimes called “railway tie”.

10. Ridge Hook or Spur - is a bifurcation in which one

branch is remarkably short, ending near the original spilt or
fork.
11. Appendage – a short ridge found at the top or summit
of a recurve.

10. Recurving Ridge – a single ridge that curves back to the

direction where it started.

11. Sufficient Recurve – a recurving ridge which is complete with

it’s should and free from any appendage.
12. Rod (Bar) – a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and
directed towards the core.

13. Obstruction Ridge – a short ridge found inside the recurve which
blocks the inner line of flow towards the core.
PATTERN AREA

= The pattern area is that part of a

loop or whorl in which appear the
cores, deltas, and ridges with which
we are concerned in classifying.

= The pattern areas of loops and

whorls are enclosed by type lines.
TYPE LINES

Type Lines - The two innermost ridges

frequently broken and may not be
continuous that run parallel or side by
side and a certain point diverge or
separate, one running opposite the
other or tending to engulf the pattern
area
 FOCAL POINTS

- Within the pattern areas of loops and

whorls are enclosed the focal points which
are used to classify them. These points are
called delta and core

a. Delta (outer Terminus)

b. Core ( Inner Terminus)
 • DELTA
•- is defined as the first obstruction at or in
front of and nearest the center of the point
of divergence of the type lines.
 RULES IN THE SELECTION OF DELTA

● Rule 1: The delta may not

be located at a bifurcation
which does not open toward
the core.

Rule 1 clearly states that if the opening of the bifurcation is not heading towards the direction
of the delta such bifurcation should not be selected as delta. In this figure, there are two
bifurcations (marked 1 &2) that can be possibly considered as delta. Since bifurcation no. 1 is not
open towards the core, bifurcation no. 2 must be the delta.
● Rule 2: When there is
a choice between a
bifurcation and another
type of delta, the
bifurcation is selected

A problem of this type is shown in figure 27. The dot, A, and the
bifurcation are equally close to the divergence of the type lines, but the
bifurcation is selected as the delta. The ridges marked "T" are the type lines.
● Rule 3: If there are
series of bifurcation
opening towards the
core, equally close to the
point of divergence of
the type lines, the delta
nearest to the core shall
be selected.

This rule explains that there is two or more bifurcation found within the
point of divergence of the two type line and all of them are open towards the
core, the bifurcation nearest to tit must be the delta. In this figure, bifurcation
no. 1 must be selected as delta since it is nearest to the core.
●Rule 4: When there
are two or more possible
deltas which conform to
the definition, the one
nearest the core is chosen

In this figure, shows three (3) possible deltas, a dot (1), ridge
ending (2), and short ridge (3). Since short ridge in the figure is
nearest to the core, then it must be selected as delta.
● Rule 5: The delta may
not be located in the
middle of a ridge
running between the
type lines toward the
core, but at the nearer
end only

The location of the delta in this case depends entirely upon the point of origin of the
ridge running between the type lines toward the core. If the ridge is entirely within the
pattern area, the delta is located at the end nearer the point of divergence of the type
lines
 CORE
- as the name implies, is
the approximate center
of the finger impression.
● Rule 1: The core is placed upon or within the
innermost sufficient recurve.
 ● Rule 2: When the innermost sufficient recurve contains no ending
ridge or rod rising as high as the shoulders of the loop, the core is placed
on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta.
● Rule 3: When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an uneven
number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon
the end of the center rod whether it touches the looping ridge or not.
 ● Rule 4: When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an even
number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon
the end of the farther one of the two center rods, the two center rods
being treated as though they were connected by a recurving ridge.
 Rule 5: If the innermost
looping ridge is connected
at right angle between
its shoulders by an
appendage, the innermost
looping
ridge is destroyed and the
uninvolved loop immediately
outside of it shall be considered
as the innermost loop
and shall be used to
determine the
location of the core.
Rule 6: If there are two
distinct loops in the center
of the innermost looping
ridge, which run side by
side, the recurving ridges
are considered as one with
the two ending ridges and
the core is establish at the
shoulder of the one that is
farther from the delta.
Rule 7: In the event two
distinct loops in the center
of the innermost looping
ridge intersects below the
shoulder line, the two
recurving ridges are treated
as one with two ending
ridges and the core is located
at the first or nearer shoulder
of second loop or loop or at
the innermost ending ridge
farther from the delta.
Rule 8: If the two distinct
loops in the center of the
innermost looping ridge
intersect above the shoulder line,
the two recurving/looping ridges
are treated, as one with two
ending ridges and the core is
located at the farther shoulder of
the first loop or at the innermost
ending ridge farther from the
delta.
Rule 9: When two distinct
loops intersect in the
shoulder line, the point of
intersection is considered
as the core.
A white space must intervene between the
delta and the first ridge count. If no such
interval exists, the first ridge must be
disregarded. In figures 53 and 54, the first
ridge beyond the delta is counted. In
figure 55, it is not counted because there
is no interval between it and the delta.
Notice that the ridge running from the
delta toward the core is in a straight line
between them. If it were not, of course, an
interval would intervene as in figures 53
and 54.