CHAPTER 3:

METHODS
Practical Research 2
Senior High School Applied - Academic
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 Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative research designs vary in

terms of the following:
● the intent
● use of manipulation
● procedures used

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 Experimental Research Design

The main purpose of the experimental

research design is to find out whether an
intervention considered as the
independent variable has an effect on a
dependent variable.

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Experimental Research Design

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 Experimental Research Design

An experimental design must contain the

following elements:
1. treatment or intervention
2. controlling extraneous variables
3. randomization of participants

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 Quasi-Experimental Design

A quasi-experimental design requires the

independent variable to be manipulated
but it lacks a key element of an
experimental design, which is
randomization.

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Quasi-Experimental Design

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 Correlational Design

Correlational research studies the

association between two variables but
does not tell about its causality.

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Differences between positive and negative
correlation
Type Definition Example

Positive As one variable Higher motivation level

increases, so is the other of students is related to
variable. This is also higher academic
known as direct performance.
relationship.
Negative As one variable Higher stress level of
increases, the other students is related to
variable decreases. This lower academic
is also known as performance.
inverse relationship.
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 Descriptive Research Design

The purpose of descriptive research design

is to study a naturally occurring
phenomenon or subject of interest. It
simply describes a specific
characteristic or behavior of a target
population.
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Three most common types of descriptive
research

1.Survey Research
explores the trends in the characteristics
of a group of people

2.Demographic Research
describes basic life events

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Three most common types of descriptive
research

3. Epidemiological Research
studies different patterns of disease and
health

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How can we
ensure that
the research
instruments
constructed
are reliable
and valid?

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 An instrument can be defined
Types of as a tool such as a
Research
questionnaire or a survey that
Instrument
s measures specific items to
gather quantitative data.

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 Demographic Forms

Demographic forms are used to collect

basic information such as age, gender,
ethnicity, and annual income.

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Example of a Demographic Form

1. Age: ___
2. Gender:
____ Male
____ Female
____ Prefer not to say
3. Civil Status:
____ Single
____ Married
____ Widowed
4. Nationality: _____________________

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 Performance Measures

Performance measures are used to assess

or rate an individual’s ability such as
achievement, intelligence, aptitude, or
interests.

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 Attitudinal Measures

Attitudinal measures are instruments used

to measure an individual’s attitudes and
opinions about a subject.

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 Behavioral Observation
Checklist

Behavioral observation checklists are used

to record individuals’ behaviors and are
mostly used when researchers want to
measure an individual’s actual behavior.

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Factual Information Documents

Factual information documents are

accessed to tell information about the
participants’ documents, such as
available public records.

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 Quality of an Instrument
Reliability Validity

the stability capacity to

and measure what it
consistency of is supposed to
an instrument measure.
under different
circumstances
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Do you think a research instrument
can be reliable without being valid?
Why or why not?

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 Types of Reliability

1.Internal
Consistency
- split-half reliability
- odd-even reliability
- Cronbach’s
Coefficient Alpha

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Did you know?

The Cronbach’s coefficient

alpha may be obtained using
computer softwares like
statistical analysis softwares or
spreadsheets.
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 Types of Reliability

2. Stability Over
Time
test-retest reliability

3. Alternate Forms
also called as
parallel forms
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What particular constructs or
variables are most likely to be
stable over time?

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 Types of Validity
Face Validity Content Validity
extent to which an ability of the test
instrument appears items to include
to measure what it important
is supposed to characteristics of
measure the concept
intended to be
measured
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 Types of Validity
Criterion Validity Content Validity
tells whether a examines whether
certain research a specific
instrument can give instrument relates
the same result as to other measures
other similar
instruments
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 Wrap Up

Reliability is defined as the stability

and consistency of an instrument over
a period of time.

Validity pertains to the extent where

an instrument accurately measures
what it is supposed to measure.

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Remember

A valid test is always reliable but

a reliable test is not always
valid.

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 ● Questionnaires
Data ● Experiment
Collection ● Quantitative
Methods Observation
● Quantitative Interview

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 Questionnaires

A questionnaire is composed of a written

list of item questions wherein the
participants can answer independently.

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 Experiment

● An experiment is designed to test

hypotheses under controlled conditions
and involves the manipulation of
variables.
● Three types of experiments: laboratory,
field, and natural.
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 Quantitative Observation

● Observation is a process wherein

researchers purposely or selectively
watch or listen to an occurring
interaction or phenomenon.
● Quantified by using rating scales and
checklists.
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 Quantitative Interview

Quantitative interviews are also called

standardized interviews or survey
interviews because of their similarity to a
survey’s question-and-answer format.

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● Data collection procedure must be
ethical.
● Data collection procedures must be
standardized.
● Identify how the researchers reduced
threats.

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Quantitative data analysis is a powerful
tool that is often associated with large-scale
research.

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Scales of Data
Scale of Definition Example
Data

Nominal A nominal scale pertains to In a demographic form,

categories and has no “1” might denote
numerical meaning. female and “2” denote
male.
Ordinal In ordinal scales, the data A software company
are classified according to may ask its clients:
the ranking or order of the How would you rate our
variables. app?
● Excellent
● Very Good
● Good
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Scales of Data
Scale of Definition Example
Data

Interval An interval scale assumes Measuring temperature

that there is an equal using the Fahrenheit
interval between each data scale.
point.
Ratio A ratio scale indicates that Measures of distance,
there is an absolute zero. price of goods, and
The characteristics of the weight.
three scales above are also
found in the interval scale.

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 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
Descriptive Inferential

simply enables researchers

summarizes the to test their
data by presenting hypotheses and
it into more conduct
manageable bits regression
analysis
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 Hypothesis Testing

● Hypothesis testing allows researchers

to test their assumptions.
● The two types of hypotheses are the null
hypothesis and the alternate
hypothesis.

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 Sampling in Quantitative
Research
Population is a group
of people possessing a
similar characteristic.

Sample pertains to
the subgroup or a
portion from a
population.
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What is the difference between
sampling in quantitative and
qualitative research?

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 In probability sampling, all
Probabilit individuals from the target
y population have an equal
Sampling chance of being selected for
the sample.

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 Simple Random Sampling
Simple random
sampling is when the
researcher randomly
selects their
participants from a
list of all the
individuals from the
population.
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 Systematic Random Sampling

In systematic random sampling, the

researcher randomly decides on a starting
point in the list and chooses every nth
case from the population.

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 Stratified Random Sampling

Stratified random sampling pertains to the

division of the target population into
subgroups and randomly selects
participants from each subgroup.

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Non- Sample is chosen by the
probability researcher from the target
Sampling population rather than
being randomly selected.

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What could be a disadvantage of
using non-probability sampling?

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 Convenience Sampling

In convenience sampling, the researcher

recruits participants who are readily
available and accessible to participate in
the research study.

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 Quota Sampling

Quota sampling
involves selecting
people from different
subgroups from the
target population.

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 Purposive Sampling

In purposive sampling, the researcher

chooses their participants intentionally
because they are considered as most
suitable for the research study.

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 Snowball Sampling

Snowball sampling is done when the

researcher contacts few potential
participants and asks them if they can
refer more participants having similar
characteristics as them.

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Remember

Non-probability sampling is
used to address practical concerns
in a research study. The most
common methods under this
technique are convenience,
quota, purposive, and snowball
sampling.
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 A sample size is the actual
number of individuals who
Sample
participated in the research
Size
study and contributed
significant data.

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Wrap Up
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