Matrices and their Properties

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 Outline

• Revision of Matrix
• Types of Matrices
• Elementary Row Operations on Matrices
• Echelon form of a Matrix
• The rank of a Matrix
• The inverse of a Matrix using the Gauss Jordan Method

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 Revision

 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions

arranged in rows and columns.
Example: , ,

 The order of a matrix (or dimension of a matrix) refers to the number of

rows and columns in the matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then
the order of the matrix is and it is written as .

Example: In the above-defined matrix , and.

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 Revision

 It is denoted by a capital letter of the alphabet say, , where , is the

number of rows and is the number of columns.
In particular, entry in any matrix refers to the 3 rd element in the 2nd row.

Example: In matrix , .

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 Types of Matrices
 A matrix is said to null (zero) matrix if all the entries of the matrix are
zero.
Example: , ,

 A matrix is a square matrix if the number of rows is equal to the number of

columns.
Example: ,

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 Types of Matrices
 A diagonal matrix of order is a type of square matrix in which all the
elements outside the main diagonal are zero. Formally, a diagonal matrix .
Here, are the diagonal entries.
 An identity matrix is a special type of square matrix where all the diagonal
elements are 1, and all the off-diagonal elements are 0. It is denoted by ​ for
an matrix.
Example: ,

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 Types of Matrices
 A scalar matrix of order is a type of square matrix in which all the elements
outside the main diagonal are zero and each diagonal entry is the same.
Example: ,
 The trace of a matrix is the sum of the elements on the main diagonal of a
square matrix. It is denoted by .

Example: , Tr(A)=1+4=5; , Tr(B)=15.

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 Operations on Matrices

1) Matrix Addition 4) Scalar Multiplication

,, ,

2) Matrix Subtraction 5) Transpose of a Matrix

,, ,

3) Matrix Multiplication
,,
exits only if

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 Activity-1

1. Compute the product of the

matrices , . Verify whether matrix
multiplication is commutative by
checking if .

2. If and are square matrix of same

order, is it always true that ?
Justify your answer with an
example.
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 Determinant of Matrices
The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar value which is primarily used to
determine whether a matrix is invertible, to solve systems of linear equations, and
in various applications of linear algebra.

1) Determinant of a Matrix:

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 Determinant of Matrices

2) Determinant of a Matrix:

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Properties of Determinant
1) A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non-zero.

2) Certain row operations affect the determinant:

Swapping two rows multiplies the determinant by .
Multiplying a row by a scalar multiplies the determinant by that scalar.
Adding a multiple of one row to another does not change the determinant.

3) The determinant of a matrix is the same as the determinant of its transpose.

4) The determinant of the product of two matrices is the product of their determinants:

5) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the determinant is zero.

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Question Time:

Can matrices be
used in real-life
applications?

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Learning outcomes

By the end of this topic students will be able to:

 Understand elementary row operations.

 Apply elementary row operations to convert a matrix into a simpler form.
 Calculate the rank of a matrix.
 Use the Gauss-Jordan method to find the inverse of a matrix.

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Row Echelon Form (REF) or Echelon Form of a Matrix

a) All the zero rows of the matrix are in bottom.

Example: ,

b) Each leading entries (Pivot element) in a column is the right side of the
leading column in the previous row.
Example: ,

The matrix which satisfies the above conditions is called in Echelon form.
Example: is in Echelon form

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 Elementary Transformations
1) Interchanging any two rows(or columns) of the matrix. If and are interchanged then it is denoted
as

Example: A= , after we get

2) Multiplication of any row of matrix by a nonzero number k. It

Example: In the above example we multiply by 3 we get

3) Addition of constant multiplication of the elements of any row to the corresponding elements of
any other row is denoted by +k
Example: After applying in the above example we get

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Row Reduced Echelon Form (RREF) of a Matrix
This is a special form of REF. Every matrix has a unique RREF.

A matrix is in row reduced echelon form when it satisfies the following conditions:

a) It is in REF.

b) The first (or leading or pivot) non-zero element in a non-zero row is .

c) A pivot in the row will be the only non-zero value in its columns (i.e., all other
values in the same column will have zero value).
Example: , , , ,

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 Example
Reduce the following matrix: into row echelon form.

Solution: Steps to Convert to REF:

1) Pivot in the First Row: The element in the first row and the first column is already 1
(pivot). Zero out elements below this pivot. Apply Row Elementary operations,

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 Example
2) Pivot in the Second Row: Make the element in the second row, second column a
leading 1 by dividing the entire row by -3.

3) Zero out Elements Below Pivot: Add 6 times the second row to the third row.

The matrix is now in Row Echelon Form (REF).

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 Row Echelon Form
Note:

Row Echelon Form need not be unique.

Every matrix has a unique RREF.

The process of converting a matrix to Echelon form is known as the Gaussian

Elimination process.

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 Rank of a Matrix
Rank of a Matrix

The rank of a matrix is the maximum number of non-zero rows or columns of the matrix in Row
Echelon form.

Calculating the Rank

To find the rank of a matrix, you can transform it into its Row Echelon Form (REF). After
transforming into REF, the Rank of the matrix will be number of non-zero rows in the
matrix.

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 Rank of a Matrix
Example: Find the Rank of .
Solution: We have already reduced this matrix into row echelon form, which is given
by,

Since the number of non-zero rows in row echelon form is 2, therefore rank(A)=2

Properties of a Rank:
1) For an matrix, the rank is a non-negative integer that is at most . It cannot exceed
the number of rows or columns.
2) For a square matrix (i.e., ), if the rank is , then is invertible.
3) The rank of a zero matrix is , as it has no non-zero rows or columns.

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Activity-3 (Group Activity
on Wooclap)

Ques: Find the rank of the following

matrices:
(a) (b) (c)

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 Inverse of a Matrix
Let be a square matrix of order . is said to be an invertible matrix if there exists a matrix
of size such that

The matrix A is called the inverse of B and B is the inverse of A.

Conditions for Inverse:

1) The matrix must be square (same number of rows and columns).
2) The determinant of the matrix must be non-zero ().

Properties:
1) 2)
3) 4)
5)

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 Finding inverse of a Matrix
Methods for finding the Inverse of the matrix using Gauss-Jordan Elimination method:
For a square matrix ,
1) Set up the augmented matrix: Form an augmented matrix by placing the identity matrix of the
same order as beside it, i.e., .

2) Apply row operations:

Perform elementary row operations (row swapping, row scaling, and row addition/subtraction)
to transform the left side of the augmented matrix into the identity matrix .
Simultaneously apply the same operations to the right side (which starts as the identity matrix).

3) Result: Once the left side becomes the identity matrix, the right side will become the inverse of ,
i.e., .

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 Example
Consider the matrix: . Find the inverse of using Gauss Jordan method.

First to find determinant of A, , which means its inverse exist. Now, we’ll apply Gauss Jordan method.

1) Set up the augmented matrix

2) Apply row operations

~

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 Example
~
~

and so on (Try yourself).

~

3) The inverse matrix is on the right-hand side:

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Activity-3 (Group Activity
on Wooclap)

Ques: Find the rank of the following

matrices. If the rank is full then find the
inverse of the square matrix.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

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Activity-4 (Group Activity)

Find the rank and inverse of the following

matrices:
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6)

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 Activity-5 (Jigsaw Activity)

Given the matrix

• Determine if is invertible by calculating

the determinant.
• If it is invertible, use the Gauss-Jordan
elimination method to find .
• Verify your result using the properties of
the inverse of a matrix.

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 Summary
• Add, subtract, and multiply matrices or multiply them by a scalar.
• A scalar value that indicates if a square matrix is invertible. A non-zero
determinant means the matrix is invertible.
• The number of non-zero rows or columns in a matrix (Echelon form), indicating
the matrix's dimension.
• A matrix has an inverse if it’s square and its determinant is non-zero. The
inverse satisfies .
• Augment the matrix with the identity matrix and apply row operations until the
original matrix is the identity matrix; the augmented part then becomes the
inverse.
• These methods help solve linear systems, analyze matrix properties, and
perform matrix-based computations.

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 Practice
Questions for LMS
1. Given matrices , , compute:

2. Calculate the determinant of the matrix, .

3. Determine the rank of the matrix, .
4. Use the Gauss-Jordan method to find the inverse of the matrix, .
5. Let . Compute and verify if it equals the identity matrix.

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