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Evaluation of Improper Integrals

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37 views16 pages

Evaluation of Improper Integrals

Uploaded by

durgesh351287
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evaluation of Improper Integrals

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 1


Outline

• Infinite Interval
• Bounded Function
• Monotonic Function
• Proper Integral
• Improper Integral
• Convergence of Improper Integral

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 2


Infinite Interval: The interval whose length(range) is infinite is said to be an
infinite interval. Thus the intervals (a, ∞), (- ∞, b) and (- ∞, ∞) are infinte
intervals.

Bounded Function: A function f(x) is said to be bounded over the interval I if


there exist two real numbers a and b such that

Unbounded Function: A function f(x) is said to be unbounded at a point, if it


becomes infinite at that point. Thus the function

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 3


Is unbounded at each of the points and

Monotonic Functions: A real valued function f defined on the interval I is said


to be monotonically increasing if

And monotonically decreasing if

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 4


Proper Integral: The definite integral is said to be proper integral if the range of
integration is finite and the integrand f(x) is bounded. The integral is proper
integral.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 5


Improper Integral: The definite integral is said to be an improper integral if
a) the interval (a,b) is not finite (i.e. is infinite) and the function f(x) is
bounded over the interval
b) The interval (a,b) is finite and f(x) is not bounded over this interval
c) Neither the interval (a,b) is finite nor f(x) is bounded over it.
Example:

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 6


Improper Integral of First Kind or Type I: A definite integral in which the range
of integration is infinite (i.e. either b= or a=- or both) and the integrand an f(x)
is bounded.
Example:
1. is an improper integral of first kind since the upper limit of integration is
infinite and the integrand is bounded.
2. is an improper integral of first kind since the lower limit of integration is
infinite.
3. is an improper integral of first kind.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 7


Integrals with limit of integration are called as improper integrals of first kind or type I:
(1) If f(x) is continuous on [a, ) then
(2) If f(x) is continuous on (-,b] then

(3) If f(x) is continuous on (-, ) then


Where c is any real number
Note:
* If the limit is finite, we say that improper integral converges ad the limit is the value of the
improper integral.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 8


* If the limit fails to exist, we say that improper integral diverges.
Example 1: Is the area under the curve from x=1 to x= is finite? IF so, what is the value?
Solution:
=

= =0+0+1=1.
Hence the improper integral converges and area has finite value.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 9


Determinants of Matrices
Example 2: Evaluate
Solution: = +
=
=
= =

Example 3: For what value of p, does the integral converges ?


Solution: =
since, 0 if p>1
if p<1

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 10


When p=1,

= = |log x

hence, converges to
diverges if p

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 11


Exercise:

Problem 1: .

Problem 2:

Problem 3:

Problem 4:

Problem 5:

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Improper Integral of Second Kind or Type II: The integrals of functions that
become infinite at a point within the integral of integration are improper integrals
of type II.
1) If f(x) is continuous on (a , b] and discontinuous at a, then

2) If f(x) is continuous on [a , b) and discontinuous at a, then

3) If f(x) is discontinuous at c where a<c<b, and continuous at [a,c) then

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 13


Example 1: Discuss the convergence of
Solution: The integrand f(x)= is continuous on [0,1) but is discontinuous at x=1 and
becomes as x
= |-ln(1-x) |-ln(1-b)|=

Example 2: Discuss the convergence of


Solution: The integrand has a vertical asymptote at x=1 and is continuous on [0,1) Thus,

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 14


= |3(x-13(b-1+3)=3

= |3(x-1-3(a-1)=3.

= 3+ 3. =3(1+ ).

Example 3: Discuss the convergence of


Solution: = ()=

Integral doesn’t converge.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 15


Practice Problems:
Problem: Discuss the convergence of
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

04/01/2025 School of Basic Sciences 16

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