Web Technologies

The Internet
Lecture 1

Dr. Akram Alhammadi

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 The internet
• The Internet
– The Internet is a massive network of networks. It connects millions of
computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can
communicate with any other computer. Information that travels over the
Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.

• The World Wide Web(www)

– The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over
the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on
top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, one of the languages
spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to
allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the
Web to share information. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet
Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked
to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds,
text and video.
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 History
• There are many different LAN technologies: Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.
• Each has different ways to connect computers, format data packets, data
transmission rates, etc and thus incompatible.
• Desirability of a single network to enable resource sharing.
• US starts funding research on how to interconnect the networks.
• 1969 ARPANET (Advance Research Project Agency Networks) was developed
this was the first Internet.
• E-mail was adapted for ARPANET in 1972.
• The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer started in 1972.
• The ftp protocol, enabling file transfers between Internet sites, started in 1973.
• The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control
Program.
• In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol.
• In 1993 first graphical browser Mosaic was developed.

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 Networks
• Intranet
– An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools
such as web browsers and file transfer applications, that is under the control
of a single administrative entity.
• Extranet
– An extranet is a network that is limited in scope to more organizations or
entity and also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other
usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities— a company's
customers may be given access to some part of its intranet—while at the
same time the customers may not be considered trusted from a security
standpoint.
• Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a LAN, MAN, WAN,
or other type of network, although an extranet cannot consist of a
single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external
network.
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The architecture of the Internet

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Websites

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The components of web application

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 The components of web application
• Web Server
– A web server is a computer program that delivers
(service) content, such as web pages, using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World
Wide Web. The term web server can also refer to the
computer or virtual machine running the program.
– The primary function of a web server is to deliver web
pages to clients. This means delivery of HTML
documents and any additional content that may be
included by a document, such as images, style sheets
and JavaScript's.
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 The components of web application
• Web Browser
– A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for
retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World
Wide Web.
– An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.
– Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web,
they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in
private networks or files in file systems.

• A client, commonly a web browser, initiates communication by

making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server
responds with the content of that resource, or an error message if
unable to do so.
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 Client-server model
• The client–server model of computing is a distributed application structure that
partitions tasks or workload between the providers of a resource or service, called
servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate
over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may
reside in the same system. Server is running one or more server programs which
share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but
requests a server's content or service. Clients therefore initiate communication
sessions with servers which await incoming requests.
Client- Server Model
• Server application is ``listener''
• Waits for incoming message
• Performs service
• Returns results
• Client application establishes connection
• Sends message to server
• Waits for return message
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 Types of websites
1 - Static website
2 - Dynamic website

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 Static Web pages
• Static Web pages are very simple. It is written in languages such as HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc.
For static web pages when a server receives a request for a web page, then the server sends
the response to the client without doing any additional process. These web pages are seen
through a web browser. In Static Web pages, Pages will remain the same until someone

changes it manually .

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 Dynamic Web Pages

• Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages such as ASP, ASP.NET, etc. In dynamic
web pages, the Content of pages is different for different visitors. It takes more
time to load than the static web page. Dynamic Web Pages are used where the
information is changed frequently, for example, stock prices, weather information,
etc.

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 Services provided by the internet
• Web Sites : Documents that can be accessed on The Internet using a browser.
• Search Engines : Allows to find information on The Internet.
• E-commerce : Allows online shopping, and stock exchange.
• E-mail : Allows to send messages to others for later reading.
• Upload and Download : Allows to move or copy files to and from remote
computers.
• Chat and Instant Messaging : Allows messages to be instantly sent to one or
more People.
• Internet Telephony: Allows two or more people to communicate over the
internet as if they were talking over the phone.
• Broadcasting : Allows us to watch/listen television/radio broadcasts on our
computer.
• Remote Access and Control : Allows one computer to control the actions of
another.

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 Features of a Website
• Home page: this is the beginning page of the site that appears when
visiting a URL address. It contains links that take you to specific areas within
the site and buttons to help you navigate the site.
• Webpage: A webpage is a document or information resource that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web
browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This information is
usually in HTML format, and may provide navigation to other webpages via
hypertext links. Webpages contain other resources such as style sheets,
scripts and images.
• Link: A link or hyperlink is a connector that provides connections and
makes it possible to go to another web page on the site or on the internet.
A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a
document.
• Banner: A banner is a graphic display on a web page, usually used for
advertising. The banner is usually linked to the advertisers web page .
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 Domain Name System
• In simple terms, DNS or Domain Name Server is like an internet
address book. While you browse information on the web, you
type different domain names, such as abc.com or xyz.com. Right?
Furthermore, the web browser interacts with the help of IP
(Internet Protocol) addresses.
• The DNS translates the domain names to the IP addresses so
that the web browsers can access the internet resources. Every
device connected with the internet has a unique IP address. The
devices use these IP addresses of other devices to exchange
information. The DNS servers discard the requirement of
remembering such complicated numbers, such as 192.168.1.1. Or
there are even more complex addresses like
2111.bc00.2789.1::c567:s9a2
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 Web browsers
• Mozilla Firefox
• Google Chorme
• Opera
• Safari
• Microsoft Edge

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 Server-side scripting languages
• PHP
• Perl
• Python
• Asp. Net

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Popular IDEs for web development
• Visual code
• Adobe Dreamweaver
• Eclipse
• NetBeans
• Microsoft Visual studio

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The components of HTTP URL

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 The components of HTTP URL

Protocols determine network language

Usually http or https for web browsers

Other Common Protocols:

https:// (secure)
ftp:// (file transfer)
mailto:// (e-mail address)
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Naming recommendations for folders and
files

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What web site users want

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Four guidelines for improving usability

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Guidelines for cross-browser compatibility

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