Design of Thermal

Systems
Instructor
Prof. Dr. Lütfullah Kuddusi

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DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS, Third Edition, W. F. Stoecker

Chapter 5

Modeling Thermal Equipment

In previous chapter, as an example,
system performance is expressed in terms of system variables
without considering the physics of the problem.
In this chapter, as an example,
system performance is expressed in terms of system variables
considering the physics of the problem.

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 Heat Exchanger
• The process of heat exchange between two fluids
that are at different temperatures and separated by
a solid wall

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Heat Exchanger Types

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Heat Exchanger Types

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Heat Exchanger Types

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Heat Exchanger Types

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 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• For a wall separating two fluid streams, the overall heat transfer
coefficient may be expressed as

• c and h refer to the cold and hot fluids

• When fouling factor and fins are existent in heat exchanger;

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The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
3 ways for calculating q;

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

Heat capacity rate

local temperature difference

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger
log mean temperature difference

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
The Counterflow Heat Exchanger
Log Mean Temperature Difference for
Parallel Flow also apply for Counter Flow

For the same inlet and outlet

temperatures

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
Special Operating Conditions

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers
This eq. can still be used,
provided is corrected.

F: Correction Factor
F is tabulated.

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
LMTD: log mean temperature difference
• when the fluid inlet temperatures are known and the outlet
temperatures are specified or readily determined from the energy
balance expressions, can be determined and, LMTD method may
be applied to Heat Exchanger Analysis.

• If only the inlet temperatures are known, use of the LMTD method
requires a cumbersome iterative procedure. It is therefore preferable
to employ an alternative approach termed the effectiveness–NTU (or
NTU) method.

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
• In counterflow heat exchangers of infinite length, one of the fluids
would experience the maximum possible temperature difference

• In such a case maximum possible heat transfer rate, is achieved.

• Which fluids would experience the maximum possible temperature
difference?

If Cold fluid experiences

If Hot fluid experiences

• Generally
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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
• Real heat transfer rate
• maximum possible heat transfer rate
• Definition: effectiveness

• According to this eq.: or,

is dimentionless
• if and are known, the actual heat transfer rate may
readily be determined from the expression

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
For any heat exchanger it can be shown that

• The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless

parameter that is widely used for heat exchanger analysis
and is defined as

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations
parallel-flow heat exchanger
Suppose that

NTU

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations
Heat capacity ratio

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis:
The Effectiveness–NTU Method
Effectiveness–NTU Relations

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• 5.10 BINARY SOLUTIONS

Binary Solutions are frequently used in

petroleum, cryogenic, petrochemical, food, and other
thermal processing industries
The aim is to separate substance A from substance B.

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DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS, Third Edition, W. F. Stoecker

END
Chapter 5

Modeling Thermal Equipment