Sustainable Water

Management
Dharma Hagare

This Zoom session is being recorded

Estimated water use in US in 2000

Saline
Freshwater, % water, Total, %
Type of supply ML/d (MLD) distribution MLD MLD distribution
Public supply 163891 163891 11%
Irrigation 518545 518545 34%
Livestock 6662 6662 0%
Aquaculture 14005 14005 1%
Industrial 70023 4845 4845 74867 5%
Mining 7608 5640 5640 13248 1%
Thermoelectric 514760 225208 225208 739968 48%
Total use 1295492 235692 235692 1531184 100%
Note: Million litre per day (MLD)
Source: Hutson et al., 2004
Water use (USA)
Reorganizing the previous table:

Freshwater, %
Type of supply MLD distribution
Public supply 163891 11%
Irrigation 539211 35%
Industrial* 828082 54%
Total 1531184 100%
* Include saline water used for cooling purposes
Source: Hutson et al., 2004
Projected Water Demand in China in
Trillion Litre per Year

Year % Year %
Type of use 1995 distribution 2030 distribution
Residential 31 6% 134 13%
Industrial 52 11% 269 25%
Agriculture 400 83% 665 62%
Total 483 100% 1068 100%

Source: Leal Filho and Sumer (2014)

 Australian Water Consumption
Consumptive use of water in 2021-22
 Source: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4610.0

GL/yr Percenta
ge
Agriculture and associated 9,981 74
industries
Industrial Use 1,689 13
Domestic use 1,779 13
Total 13,449 100
Worldwide Annual water withdrawal
Agriculture Industry (%) Domestic (%)
(%)
World 70 20 10
North America 39 47 13
Latin American 73 9 18
and Caribbean
Europe 36 49 15
Africa 85 6 9
Asia and Pacific 86-90 4-8 6
Source: UN-Habitat, 2003
Question
What strategies can be developed to
achieve water sustainability in developed
and developing countries?

Answer this question in:

https://app.gosoapbox.com/
Enter access code: 300798

13/11/2024 7
Urban water use
Urban water use mainly includes:
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Public amenities (parks, fire fighting)

This can add up to 37% of the total fresh water consumed across
the country. Remaining 63% consumed for agricultural purposes.
Recycled Water in Sydney
2024 data :
- Sydney water supplies 1.5 GL/day (550x109 L/yr)
- Population = 5.312 million
- Fresh water supply = 285 L/capita/day

- Wastewater produced = 358 GL/yr (65% of supplied

water)

- Recycled water supply = 125 GL/yr (about 35% of

wastewater produced)

Source: https://www.sydneywater.com.au/water-the-environment/how-we-manage-sydneys-
water/water-network.html#:~:text=Every%20day%2C%20we%20supply%20about,in
%20their%20homes%20and%20businesses.
PAGE 9
Typical domestic water use in Sydney
Average domestic water consumption – 285 L/capita/day

Breakdown of Household Water Usage

(percentages)
Taps (kitchen) 2
Taps (wash basin) 3
Bath Taps (volumetric) 3
Toilet 18
Shower 24
Dishwasher 1
Laundry 19
Outdoor use 30
Total 100
 Example 1
Estimate the following
for the Scotland Island.
Expected runoff (using
rational formula)
Total water demand for
domestic purposes
Potable/ non-potable
water demand
Greywater produced
Blackwater produced

https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Scotland+Island+NSW+2105/@-
33.640466,151.2865614,1768m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b0
d530d911b471f:0x5017d681632ca80!8m2!3d-33.641844!4d151.293436
9?hl=en-GB
Given data
From BoM, obtain total rainfall for the
location.
http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherD
ata/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=
dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=0
66083
For Scotland Island (nearest rainfall station
Palm Beach Coasters Retreat)
Area = 50 ha
No. of residential houses = 328

13/11/2024 12
 
Water saving from RWH Tanks
Can be achieved by using rainwater harvesting
(RWH) tanks
It is now mandatory to include RWH tanks in all
new developments
• RWH generally
includes automatic
valves which allow
the RWT to supply
the water based on
the water level in
the tank
• Include pumps to
provide required
pressure.
• Tank sizes vary from
2 kL to 10 kL
Example 2
Estimate the amount of water saved by using
RWT in a single household. Use the data from
Example 1. RWT size can be taken as 2 kL.
Example 3
If the RWT are used by all the household
estimate the reduction in the total water
demand for the Scotland Island.
Assume:
RWH tank size = 2 kL
Roof area = 200 m2
Irrigation
Furrow irrigation
Greater efficiency
Sprinkler irrigation
Drip/micro irrigation
Crop Yield
Better yield with drip irrigation
Crop Water Crop yield, tonnes/ha
applied,
mm
Drip Furrow Sprinkle
r
Cucumb 660 44 22
er
Musk 645 39 22
melon
Peppers 1395 9 4
Sweet 665 11 5
corn
Tomato 968 58 35
Source: Goyal (2015)
Urban Irrigation
Required for irrigating parks, sports fields
and open spaces
Steps for calculating the water requirement:
Determine the area
Determine the application depth per irrigation
event
Determine the number of irrigation events per
year

Irrigation water required (volume/yr) = Area

X application depth per event X no. of events
Example 4
Determine the amount of irrigation water
required for watering a park of 2 ha located
in Scotland island, NSW. The park has kikuyu
grass. The water application depth per
irrigation event can be taken as 11 mm.
Example 5
What is the implication of the irrigation water
requirement on the overall water balance of
the Scotland island. Assume that the
irrigation water is supplied using harvested
stormwater.
Industrial water Use
Industrial water use in developing countries
substantial – 25 to 35%
It is possible to treat this water and reuse it
in agriculture.
This will assist in sustainable management of
fresh water supply.
Water Balance for an Urban Centre
 Mass balance equation:

 Rf + Ri = Ww + St + Sm + Gwr + Sh + Ep + Et + Ro

 Where,
 Rf – Rainfall received – m 3 /yr
 Ri – Imported water – m 3 / yr
 Ww – Wastewater produced - m 3 / yr
 St – is the net storage within the waterbodies in the urban catchment (m 3/yr)
 Sm – is the net soil moisture (m 3/yr)
 Gwr – is the net groundwater recharge (m 3/yr)
 Sh – is the consumptive use of stormwater/ imported water (m 3/yr)
 Ep – is the net evaporation from the open waterbodies (m 3/yr)
 Et – is the net evapotranspiration from the land area (m 3/yr)
 Ro – is the stormwater lost via runoff from the area (m 3/yr)

13/11/2024 22
 Major Project
Expected work that should be completed by
now:
Selection of the area
Counting the residential and commercial lots
Obtained the terrain map
Determined the drainage points for the
catchment
Collect BoM data
Estimate the annual stormwater flow using
Major Project Report 2
MUSIC
• Need to include a water balance for your urban centre
Please check
the marking
criteria in the
SO
References
Leal Filho and Sümer (2014). Sustainable
Water Use and Management: Examples of
New Approaches and Perspectives. Springer
International Publishing.
Goyal, M.R. (2015). Water and fertigation
management in micro irrigation.