ENVIRONMEN

TAL SCIENCE
Name of Course: Environmental Studies
 Environmental Studies
Lecture Scheme Per Week Examination Scheme
Credit
Institute End Semester Total
Lecture Hours Practical Hours Points
Assessment Evaluation

2 - 30 20 50 2

Course Objectives: -
1. Creating awareness about the environmental problems among the students.
2. Imparting the knowledge about environment and its allied problems.
3. Developing the attitude of concern for the environment

Course Outcomes: -
CO1: - Identify environmental issues and learn how to tackle them
CO2: -Explain the concepts of Environment, Ecosystem and Biodiversity
CO3: - Appraise the importance of Environmental studies
 Units Contents Weightage Lecture Remarks
1.1 Environment
1.1.1 Meaning and Definition
1.1.2 Components - Atmosphere,
Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Biosphere
1.2 Scope of Environment
1.3 Importance of environment
Unit – 1 1.4 Need for Public Awareness
1.5 Natural Resources: - 35 9
Environment 1.5.1 Resource,
al Science 1.5.2 Forest Resources,
1.5.3 Water Resources,Food, Mineral,
Energy, Land
1.6 Ecological systems, natural resource
management, environmental
monitoring

2.1 Biodiversity
2.1.1 Meaning and definition
2.1.2 levels of Biodiversity
2.2 Major Biogeographical regions of India
2.2.1 Consumptive use
Unit - 2 2.2.2 Productive use
2.2.3 Social value
Biodiversity
2.2.4 Ethical Value
and its 2.2.5 Aesthetic Value 35 9
conservation 2.2.6 Option and Ecosystem service
Environment value
al Pollution 2.3 Pollution management
2.3.1 Air Pollution
2.3.2 Noise Pollution
2.3.3 Water Pollution
2.3.4 Thermal Pollution
2.3.5 soil Pollution
 3.1 Social Issues and Environment
3.1.1 Meaning
3.1.2 Challenges and the problem of the
Environment
3.1.3 Global Warming
3.1.4 Climate Change
3.1.5 Acid Rain
3.2 Transition to renewable energy:
Unit 3 3.2.1 Shifting away from fossil fuels and 30 7
increasing the use of renewable energy
Environment
sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and
al Issues geothermal power, can significantly reduce
Remedies greenhouse gas emissions.
3.3 Energy efficiency
3.3.1 Improving energy efficiency in industries,
transportation, buildings
3.3.2 Applications that can reduce the
overallenergy demand and lower greenhouse
gas emissions.

Total 100 25 -
ENVIRONMENT

• “The surroundings or conditions in which a

person, animal and plant lives or operates is
called environment”
• It includes water, air, land, solar energy, wind
energy and the inter- relationship which
exists between water, air, land, human beings,
other living creatures, plants and micro-
organism.
Scope of Environment:
The environment consists of four
segments which are as under:
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Lithosphere
• Biosphere
Atmosphere:

The atmosphere implies

the protective blanket of
gases, surrounding the
earth, The atmosphere is
composed of nitrogen,
oxygen and carbon
dioxide. Besides this
there are other gases like
argon and trace gases.
Hydrosphere:

The Hydrosphere
comprises all types of
water resources
oceans, seas, lakes,
rivers, streams,
reservoir, polar
icecaps, glaciers, and
ground water.
 Lithosphere:

• Lithosphere is the
outer layer of the solid
earth. It consists of
minerals occurring in
the earth’s crusts and
the soil e.g. minerals,
organic matter, air and
water.
Biosphere:

Biosphere indicates
the area of
living organisms and
their interactions with
environment, viz
atmosphere,
hydrosphere and
lithosphere.
 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
ENVIRONMENT-
• The surroundings or conditions in which a person, plants
or animal lives or operate
MANAGEMENT-
• The process of dealing with or controlling things or
people.
• The act or art of managing, conducting or supervising
something.
Environmental Management is thus, the process to
improve the relationship between the human beings
and environment which may be achieved through check
on destructive activities of man, conservation,
protection, regulation and regeneration of nature.
 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
• Introduction: The ecological balance and ecosystem
are maintained by the nature itself, but the modern
industrial era has disturbed the ecological balance
through heavy industrialization, technological
revolution, transportation, exploitation of resources
and unplanned urbanization etc.
• Modern ‘economic and technological’ development by
people disturbed the harmonious relationships
between the environment and human beings.
 Definition and Meaning

• “Measures and controls which are directed at

environmental conservation, the rational and
sustainable allocation and utilization of natural
resources, the optimization of interrelations between
society & the environment and the improvement of
human welfare for present and future generations.”
• Environmental management is a systematic
approach to finding practical ways for saving
water, energy and materials to reduce
the negative environmental impacts.
Objectives of Environment Management

• To identify the environmental problem and to find its

solution.
• To restrict and regulate the exploitation and utilization of
natural resources.
• To regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural
resources (renewable)
• To control environmental pollution and degradation.
• To reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural
disaster.
• To make optimum utilization of natural resources.
• To assess the impacts of proposed projects and activities
on environment.
• To review and revise the existing technologies and make
them ecofriendly.
• To formulate laws for the implementation of
environmental protection and conservation programmes.
NEED FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Our survival on the planet earth is depend on the proper management of
Environment therefore Enviornmet management is required.

All living being are interdependent directly or indirectly

The survival of trees and forest will bring good rainfall and good agriculture.

Due to increased population, there is stress on natural resource hence

environment management requiried.

To Overcome the Crisis of Environment and Ecology

For the Proper use of Resources

For Sustainable Development Path

To create a value system & create social awareness environment management is needed.
Air quality of India
Components of Environment Management:
1. Environmental perception and Public awareness:
There is need to change the percpetion of people of
looking towards the environment. There is a need to
change the mindset of society and it is only possible
when perception is change. At the same time public
awareness is essential people should know how
environment is changing and what they can do to protect
the environment.
2. Environmental Education and training:
Environmental education and training should be given at
school, college and University levels by professionals.
3. Resource management:
The resource management considers the following
points:
• Classification of natural resources into Renewable and
Non-renewable.
• Survey and evaluation of ecological resources
• Preservation of resources
• Conservation of resources
4. Control of Environmental degradation and pollution:
The environmental degradation and pollution can be
checked by considering the following points:
• Adopting suitable preventive mechanisms to reduce
natural hazards and disaster.
• Regeneration of degraded environment.
5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
The environmental impact assessment involves:
• An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is
a statutory requirement in all projects that might
produce considerable adverse effects.
• EIA does not involve any decisions about the project,
nor does it restrict the citizens opportunities to undertake
any project.
• The purpose of EIA is to increase the citizens'
opportunities of participation and obtaining information at
an early stage of the project, and to reveal the
environmental impact so that it can be considered in the
planning stage.
• The EIA process must be completed before the
commencement of any project.
• EIA report
 • Population growth and Health
service
• Treatments of pollutants (Air, Water
and Soil)
Need of • Pollution level in Air, Water and Soil
Environm • Development of renewable non
ent pollutant sources of energy like
Managem solar energy, wind energy etc.
ent in • Solid waste utilization through
following recycling.
areas • Biodiversity conservation (Eg.
Vulture eat dead animal)
• Environmental awareness in society
IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
INTRODUCTION:
• An integration of several living beings belonging to same species or group
and share same geographical region with capability to interbreed is known
as ‘Population’.
• Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be
quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a
population.
• There have been significant changes in birth rates and the population of
countries in recent years. Our population is more than double today what
it was in 1970.
• Human beings evolved under conditions of high mortality (death) due to
draught, famines, accidents, illnesses, infections war etc.
Therefore, relatively high fertility rates were essential for species survival.
But now Human population has been increased rapidly because of it there
is a huge burden on the environment.
CAUSES OF POPULATION GROWTH
Decline in the Death Rate: At the root of overpopulation is
the difference between the overall birth rate and death rate
in populations. If the number of children born each year
equals the number of adults that die, then the population
will stabilize.
Better Medical facilities: Technological advancement was
perhaps the biggest reason why the balance has been
disturbed.
Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment: Today
there are effective medicines/treatments which can
increases the chances of conception and lead to rise in birth
rate.
Lack of Family Planning: Most developing nations have large
number of people who are illiterate, below the poverty line
and have little or no knowledge about family planning.
EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH
•Depletion of Natural Resources
•Degradation of Environment
•Rise in Unemployment
•High Cost of Living
•The population of world reached 1 billion in 1804 but in 200
years its more than 8 billion!!!!!
IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
Positive Implications of Human Population Growth:
Decrease in Manufacturing Cost: High population will
the market size with increased number of buyers and
sellers and factor of economies of scale, low labor cost
will contribute in reducing the manufacturing cost.
Availability of Specialized Labor: With increased
population rate the availability of labor and workers also
increases with more option.
Development of Basic infrastructural Facilities:
Increased population can create pressure on the
government to develop railways, telecommunication
lines, roadways etc.
NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION GROWTH
The Negative impact of high populations are as follows:
• Excess consumption of resources such as land, food,
water, air, fossil fuels and minerals.
• Waste increased as a result of consumption which
causes air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution
soil pollution, generation of toxic materials and
greenhouse gases.
• High level of burning causing large-scale indoor
pollution.
• Man-Land Ratio decreases which create Extreme
pressure on the forests.
• High use of chemical fertilizers & pesticides
in agriculture.
• Shortage of food: Due to high population requirement of food is also
increased but now a day's Technological innovations in agriculture
and increased area under cultivation have ensured that we get
sufficient food.
• Soil erosion, soil salinity and low productivity.
• Encroachment on habitat for railways and road construction,
it Convert habitat into some other land.
• Degradation of coastal and other aquatic ecosystems (Marine/fresh
water).
• Unplanned Urbanization
• Unemployment and underemployment
• Increase in Illiteracy
• Energy Crisis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqMoJ910NSw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5foZIKuEWQ
 Environment Management Planning
includes the identification of mitigation
and compensation measures for all the
significant impacts.

It also involves the physical planning

ENVIRONMENT including work programmed, time schedule
MANAGEMENT and locations for putting mitigation and
PLANNING compensation systems in place.

Providing financial plans for implementing

the mitigation & compensation
measures in the form of budgetary
estimates.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING
An assessment of any possible harm on any
aspect of the environment by any product,
process, chemical, waste substance, activity
or any development program.

Objectives of Environmental Audit:

Assist in planning for
Verify or comply with Evaluate the effectiveness
future improvements in
environmental of existing environmental
environment protection
requirements. management systems.
and pollution control.
 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT & B-SCHOOLS
• Environmental education in business school has significant
effect on the ways companies look at the environmental
problems. Business schools train the future decision makers
who can influence the others and contribute in the process
of sustainable development.
• Many business schools in the world have ‘Environment’ as a
subject in their curriculum. It shows the serious
commitments of B-schools to protect the environment.
• Environmental education improve the students capability to
manage the environment & its related aspects and to make
informed decisions.
• Managers need to learn environmental management in order
to be aware of the hazards that are created by the various
industries, so that they can make environment friendly
products.
• It is very essential for managers to know about our
environmental conditions specially now when the world is
at a danger of global warming. Managers can collectively
help our earth to get over with the harmful effects.
• Managers need to be aware of matters relating to
pollution control, recycling, waste management,
compliance issues etc.
Aims of Environmental Education in B- Schools
• Inculcating and understanding of ecosystems and their
inter relations amongst the future managers.
• Developing awareness regarding the utilization &
exploitation of natural resources.
• Perceiving the need for keeping pollution under
control.
• Acquiring skills to collect analyze and interpret data
and information relating to environmental problems
• Business operations may affect the environment,
environmental laws, It is not the era of engineers and
lawyers only. Management students can change
improved operations to minimize those effects.
• Growing concerns towards environmental Protection.
• Corporate giving importance to environment mgt.
• Entire course has been initiated in many B-Schools
relating to environment Management.
• MoEF have initiated workshops and programs for
faculty in collaboration with IIMs
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 What is Development

• Generally, Development is the gradual growth of a

situation that becomes more advanced and stronger than
previous one.
• Development is intended to bring a positive change for
human being and its surroundings. Development may
take place by bringing a change in policy, projects and
legislation.
• Development is an unfolding of human potentials for
meaningful participation in economic, social, political and
cultural process and institutions, so that people
can improve their conditions.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• "Development which meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs".
• It also means concerns for protecting
environment & avoiding depletion of
non-renewable resources
• Environmental sustainability is the process
of making sure that current processes of
interaction with the environment are
pursued with the idea of keeping the
environment unspoiled and natural
Following the principle of justice & equity
(equal access to resources)
• The landmark event in the evolution of the concept of Sustainable
Development was 1972 Stockholm Conference on the
Human Environment convened by the United Nations.
• Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of Sustainable
Development in 1987. She was the Prime Minister of Norway and
chairman of the World Commission on Environment and
Development.
• The Kyoto Protocol adopted in December 1997 and the
Conferences of the Parties, held over the years, have made some
progress relating to clarification of various aspects of financing
and implementing sustainable development globally.
• How can we speak to those who live in villages and in slums about
keeping the oceans, the rivers and the air clean when their own
lives are contaminated at the source?
 Core Elements of Sustainable Development
Three core elements of sustainable development are
Environmental Sustainability (Environmental protection),
Social Sustainability (Social inclusion), and Economic
Sustainability (Economic growth) It is crucial to balance
between them.
Environmental Sustainability:
• It prevents nature from being used as an unlimited source of
resources and ensures its protection and sensible use.
• Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment
in renewable energy, saving water, supporting sustainable
mobility, and innovation in sustainable construction &
architecture and contribute for achieving environmental
sustainability in several areas
• E.g. Sunderbans, kaziranga, jal Shakti abhiyan, smart cities,
kamuthi solar plant, e buses, metros
Social Sustainability:
• It can foster gender equality, development of people,
communities and cultures to help achieve a reasonable
and fairly-distributed quality of life, healthcare and
education across the Globe.
Economic Sustainability:
• Focuses on equal economic growth that
generates wealth for all, without harming the
environment.
• Investment and equal distribution of economic
resources.
• Eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions.

• E.g.- ayushman bharat, swach bharat, saubhagya, NSDM.

 Steps for Attaining
Sustainable Development:
• Using Appropriate Technology:
Appropriate technology is one which is
locally adaptable, eco-friendly, efficient
and suitable. The technology should use
less natural resources and produce
minimum waste.
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Approach: The
3-R approach should be followed by
everyone that is minimization of
resource use, reuse them again and
again instead of passing it on to the
waste and recycling the material. This
will reduce the pressure on our resources
as well as reduces waste generation and
pollution.
• Promoting Environmental Education and Awareness:
Making environmental education the centre of all
learning process will help in changing the thinking
and attitude of people towards our earth and the
environment. Introducing the subject right from the
school stage will inculcate a feeling of belongingness
to earth in the small children.
• Resource Utilization as per carrying capacity: If we
over exploit the resource then environmental
degradation starts and continues till the point of no
return. Therefore to attain sustainability resource
management should be there.
• Alternative Use of Energy: People should turn to
alternate energy sources as soon as possible and as
much as possible. The main forms of alternative
sources are solar energy, Hydro electric energy, wind
energy, biogas from municipal solid waste/agro
waste, etc. These sources are less polluting than
conventional sources, they help in waste
management and preventing the pollution
• Solar power: it is also being used to generate electricity and on
a smaller scale, to cook food, heat water etc. The development
of photovoltaic and solar cells is quite an expensive operation.
Yet, solar energy is being a very attractive source of energy.
• Hydroelectric energy is an alternative way of generating
electricity. Hydroelectric energy, also called as hydropower,
hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity. it is a form of energy
that utilizes the power of water to turn the blades of a turbine
and generate electricity. This way we can save some coal which
would have been otherwise used for generating electricity.
• Wind energy: It is also used produce electricity. But this form
also has its shortfalls. The wind is rather unpredictable. Also, a
large land area is required to set up the windmills. The location
and type of turbines used in this process can adversely affect
bird migration patterns.
• Biomass: it involves using garbage, vegetable waste to
produce electricity. On decomposing, garbage
releases methane which is captured in pipes and can
later use to produce electricity. Biomass contains
stored energy from the sun. Plants absorb the
sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis.
• Nuclear energy is the king of all alternate sources of
energy. By using nuclear fission, electricity can be
generated. In fact 1 kg of uranium or thorium energy
is equivalent to 3.5 million kg of coal energy. This is
an area in which extensive research and development
is being carried out.
• Since nuclear energy does not release any polluting
gases like carbon dioxide or Sulphur dioxide, hence
no acid rain or global warming. The limiting factor,
which is keeping nuclear energy from being the
mother of all energy sources, is that setting up a
nuclear plant which are having strict safety norms
and it requires huge capital investments.
• Reduced Consumption: Simple lifestyle and
population control can help to reduce the
consumption of the natural resources.
• Water resource Management: River flood, over
exploitation of ground water, over irrigation, poor
drainage and pollution of water bodies are some of
the consequences of poor water resource
management.
• Crop Rotation: This farming practice is beneficial
in several ways, most notably because it is chemical-
free. Crop rotation has been proven to maximize the
growth potential of land, while also preventing disease
and insects in the soil. Not only can this form
of development benefit commercial farmers, but it can
also aid those who garden at home. eg Rahibai popere
• Efficient Water Fixtures:. It takes a lot of energy
to transport water and process wastewater, since less
than one percent of the Earth’s available water supply
is fresh water, it is important that sustainable water
use is employed at the individual and societal level.
• Learning where and how people are
living sustainably and not disrupting such cultures.
• Involving women and private non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) in the planning
and execution of projects like E.g. water
conservation project.
• Involving local residents: Making use of local
wisdom, skills and resources: the poor generally
know far more about poverty, survival,
environmental sustainability, local needs, and what
will work locally than outside bureaucrats or experts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kibpn9
UTGzA

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