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Lecture Week # 2

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12 views23 pages

Lecture Week # 2

Uploaded by

Umar TheGamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics

Lecture Week # 2

Dr. Ahmad Hussain


Engineering Analysis in FM
 SYSTEM
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.

 SURROUNDINGS
The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.

 BOUNDARY
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings is called the boundary.

The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.


Engineering Analysis in FM
 Open or Closed System?, depends on whether the mass is
fixed or the volume is fixed.

 CLOSED SYSTEM
A closed system (also known as a control mass) consists of a
fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary.

 OPEN SYSTEM
An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called,
is a properly selected region.
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of CV.
It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such
as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle. Flow through these
devices is best studied by selecting the region within the
device as the control volume.
With what type of ‘system’ can a human heart be analyzed?
Some More Examples

Car Radiator Engine Nozzle

Refrigerator
Properties of a Fluid
 Thermodynamic Properties:
 Density (Specific volume)

 Pressure
 Temperature

 Internal Enthalpy
 Enthalpy

 Transport Properties:
 Viscosity
 Conductivity
Properties of a Fluid
 Specific Weight

 Specific Gravity

At room
temperature
& pressure
Specific Gravity Example

Lec # 4
Temperature
 “… a characteristic of matter which serves as a driving
potential for energy transfer as heat; energy is
transferred from the body at the higher temperature to
the body at the lower temperature.”

 Temperature Scales
 Celsius, Kelvin (S.I. unit), Fahrenheit, Rankine.
Pressure
 “… is a force per unit area exerted by the fluid”
 Unit : Pa, bar, atm, psi
 use: absolute, gauge or
vacuum pressure?
 manometer or barometer?
Heat
 “…is a form of energy transfer across a boundary of a
system at a given temperature to another system (or the
surroundings) at lower temperature by virtue of the
temperature difference between the two systems”.

 Sign convention for heat:


 Positive - added to the system
 Negative - removed from the

system
Work
 “…is a form of energy transfer by the action of a
macroscopically measurable force on matter (organized
microscopic work)”

 Sign convention for work:


 Positive - done by the system
 Negative - done on the system

Lec # 4
Enthaply
Viscosity
 Viscosity is a measure of resistance to fluid flow.
 Fluids move under influence of applied shear.
Viscosity
 When two solid bodies in contact move relative to each
other, a friction force develops at the contact surface in
the direction opposite to motion.
 To move a table on the floor, for example, we have to
apply a force to the table in the horizontal direction large
enough to overcome the friction force.
 The magnitude of the force needed to move the table
depends on the friction coefficient between the table and
the floor.
Viscosity
 There is a property that represents the internal
resistance of a fluid to motion or the “fluidity,” and that
property is the viscosity.

 The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow


direction is called the drag force, and the magnitude of
this force depends, in part, on viscosity
Viscosity Relation b/w Fluid &
Surface
Contd..
 The fluid velocity between the plates varies linearly between 0 and V, and
thus the velocity profile and the velocity gradient are

where y is the vertical distance from the lower plate.

During a differential time interval dt, the sides of fluid particles along a
vertical line MN rotate through a differential angle dβ while the upper plate
moves a differential distance da = V dt. The angular displacement or
deformation (or shear strain) can be expressed as
Contd..
 Rearranging, the rate of deformation under the influence of
shear stress τ becomes

Thus we conclude that the rate of deformation of a fluid element


is equivalent to the velocity gradient du/dy. Further, it can be
verified experimentally that for most fluids the rate of
deformation (and thus the velocity gradient) is directly
proportional to the shear stress τ
Newtonian & Non-Newtonian
Fluids
Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional
to the shear stress are called Newtonian fluids after Sir
Isaac Newton, who expressed it first in1687.

Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline, and


oils are Newtonian fluids.

Blood and liquid plastics are examples of


non-Newtonian fluids
Kinematic Viscosity, n
• The ratio (m / r ) appears in many equations.
• Kinematic viscosity n (pronounced: new)



 Gases: Viscosity increases with
increasing temperature, why?
 Liquids: Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature, why?
Effect of Temp. on Viscosity
 Viscosity in Gasses
 The molecules of gasses are only weakly kept in position
by molecular cohesion As adjacent layers move by each
other there is a continuous exchange of molecules.
Molecules of a slower layer move to faster layers causing a
drag, while molecules moving the other way exert an
acceleration.

 The temperature of a gas increases the momentum


exchange between layers will increase thus increasing
viscosity.
Effect of Temp. on Viscosity
 In LIQUIDS
 The molecules are so much closer than in gases the
cohesive forces hold the molecules in place much more
rigidly. This cohesion plays an important roll in the viscosity
of liquids.
 Increasing the temperature of a fluid reduces the cohesive
forces and increases the molecular interchange.
 Reducing cohesive forces reduces shear stress
Fluids Viscosity vs Temperature

Lec # 4

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