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Subject:-Fundamental of Mechanical Engineering

(BME101)
Session-2022-23

Unit-5 Introduction to Measurement & Mechatronics

Faculty- Sharad Srivastava

(A.P)Mechanical Engineering Department
UCER,UGI Group, Prayagraj 2
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CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT
Think about

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Technology Timeline

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What is Measurement??? the action of measuring something.

मापन किसी वस्तु की विशेषता के लिए एक संख्यात्मक मान का

असाइनमेंट है।
Measurement is the assignment of a numerical value to an attribute of an object.
Types of Measurement Scales
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

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Nominal scale:
A scale used to label variables that have no quantitative values.
Some examples of variables that can be measured on a nominal scale include:
• Gender: Male, female
• Eye color: Blue, green, brown
• Hair color: Blonde, black, brown, grey, other
• Blood type: O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+

Ordinal scale: A scale used to label variables that have a natural order, but no quantifiable difference
between values.
examples
• Satisfaction: Very unsatisfied, unsatisfied, neutral, satisfied, very satisfied

Interval scale: A scale used to label variables that have a natural order and a quantifiable difference
between values, but no “true zero” value.
variables that can be measured on an interval scale have the following properties:
These variables have a natural order.
We can measure the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation of these variables.
These variables have an exact difference between values.
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Ratio scale: A scale used to label variables that have a natural order, a quantifiable difference
between values, and a “true zero” value.
examples of variables that can be measured on a ratio scale include:
Height: Can be measured in centimeters, inches, feet, etc. and cannot have a value below zero.
Weight: Can be measured in kilograms, pounds, etc. and cannot have a value below zero.
Length: Can be measured in centimeters, inches, feet, etc. and cannot have a value below zero.
These variables have a natural order.
• We can calculate the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and a variety of other
descriptive statistics for these variables.
• These variables have an exact difference between values.
• These variables have a “true zero” value. For example, length, weight, and height all have a
minimum value (zero) that can’t be exceeded. It’s not possible for ratio variables to take on negative
values. For this reason, the ratio between values can be calculated.

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गुणात्मक मात्रात्मक
Summary
सारांश

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 Error in Measurements
Definition: The measurement error is defined as the difference between the true or actual value and the measured
value. The true value is the average of the infinite number of measurements, and the measured value is the precise
value.

Types of Errors in Measurement

The error may arise from the different source and are usually classified into the following types. These types are
1. Gross Errors
2. Systematic Errors
3. Random Errors

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Classification of Error in Measurements

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1. Gross Errors

The gross error occurs because of the human mistakes. For examples consider the person using the instruments
takes the wrong reading, or they can record the incorrect data. Such type of error comes under the gross error.
The gross error can only be avoided by taking the reading carefully.

Example – The experimenter reads the 31.5ºC reading while the actual reading is 21.5Cº. This happens because of
the oversights. The experimenter takes the wrong reading and because of which the error occurs in the
measurement.

Methods for Avoiding Gross Errors

1. The reading should be taken very carefully.
2. Two or more readings should be taken of the measurement quantity. The readings are taken by the different
experimenter and at a different point for removing the error.

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2. Systematic Errors
The systematic errors are mainly classified into three categories.
2.1 Instrumental Errors
2.2 Environmental Errors
2.3 Observational Errors

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2 (i) Instrumental Errors
These errors mainly arise due to the three main reasons.
(a) Inherent Shortcomings of Instruments – Such types of errors are inbuilt in instruments because
of their mechanical structure. They may be due to manufacturing, calibration or operation of the
device. These errors may cause the error to read too low or too high.
For example – If the instrument uses the weak spring then it gives the high value of measuring
quantity. The error occurs in the instrument because of the friction or hysteresis loss.
(b) Misuse of Instrument – The error occurs in the instrument because of the fault of the operator. A
good instrument used in an unintelligent way may give an enormous result.
For example – the misuse of the instrument may cause the failure to adjust the zero of instruments,
poor initial adjustment, using lead to too high resistance. These improper practices may not cause
permanent damage to the instrument, but all the same, they cause errors.
(c) Loading Effect – It is the most common type of error which is caused by the instrument in
measurement work.
For example, when the voltmeter is connected to the high resistance circuit it gives a misleading
reading, and when it is connected to the low resistance circuit, it gives the dependable reading. This
means the voltmeter has a loading effect on the circuit.
The error caused by the loading effect can be overcome by using the meters intelligently. For
example, when measuring a low resistance by the ammeter-voltmeter method, a voltmeter having a
very high value of resistance should be used.
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2 (ii) Environmental Errors
These errors are due to the external condition of the measuring
devices. Such types of errors mainly occur due to the effect of
temperature, pressure, humidity, dust, vibration or because of the
magnetic or electrostatic field. The corrective measures employed
to eliminate or to reduce these undesirable effects are the
arrangement should be made to keep the conditions as constant as
possible.
Using the equipment which is free from these effects.
By using the techniques which eliminate the effect of these
disturbances.
By applying the computed corrections.

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2 (iii) Observational Errors

Such types of errors are due to the wrong observation of the reading.
There are many sources of observational error. For example, the
pointer of a voltmeter resets slightly above the surface of the scale.
Thus an error occurs (because of parallax) unless the line of vision
of the observer is exactly above the pointer. To minimise the parallax
error highly accurate meters are provided with mirrored scales.

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3. Random Errors

The error which is caused by the sudden change in the atmospheric condition, such type of error is called
random error. These types of error remain even after the removal of the systematic error. Hence such type of
error is also called residual error.

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Summary
सारांश
Type of Errors

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Calibration
जांचना, जांच करना, ठीक
करना
Calibration is a comparison between a known measurement (the standard) and the measurement using
your instrument. Typically, the accuracy of the standard should be ten times the accuracy of the
measuring device being tested. However, an accuracy ratio of 3:1 is acceptable by most standards
organizations.

Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range.

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What is the purpose of calibration?
The goal of calibration is to minimise any measurement uncertainty by ensuring the accuracy of test
equipment. Calibration quantifies and controls errors or uncertainties within measurement processes to
an acceptable level.

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Pressure Measurement Device

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Manometers are basically defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by
balancing the fluid column by same or another fluid column.
Manometers are further classified in two basic types as
mentioned here
1. Simple manometers
2. Differential Manometers

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Mechanical gauges are basically defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a
fluid by balancing the fluid column by the spring or dead weight.

There are following four types of mechanical gauges as mentioned here

1. Diaphragm Pressure gauge
2. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
3. Dead- weight pressure gauge
4. Bellows pressure gauge

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 1-Diaphragm pressure Gauge

Diaphragm pressure gauges are used to measure gases and

liquids. They cover measuring spans from 10 mbar to 40 bar.
The measuring element consists of one circular diaphragm
clamped between a pair of flanges. The positive or negative
pressure acting on these diaphragms causes deformation of the
measuring element. The magnitude of the deformation is
proportional to the pressure to be measured, and it is coupled
to the pointer mechanism.

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Diaphragm pressure Gauge
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 2- Bourdon Tube pressure Gauge

The device was invented by Eugene Bourdon in

the year 1849. The basic idea behind the
device is that, cross-sectional tubing when
deformed in any way will tend to regain its
circular form under the action of pressure. The
bourdon pressure gauges used today have a
slight elliptical cross-section and the tube is
generally bent into a C-shape or arc length of
about 27 degrees.

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3- Dead Weight pressure Gauge

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4-Bellow Pressure Gauge

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The relation between 1 atm and other units
are as follows:

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Temperature Measurement Device-
Devices used for temperature measurement are different thermometers,
thermocouples, or digital thermometers. Thermometers contain a mercury or any
other fluid. Temperature is directly proportional to an expansion of mercury. As soon
as the temperature increases it causes fluid to expand. Hence, the temperature can be
measured by measuring the volume of fluid. There are many temperature
measurement devices available such as thermocouples resistive temperature devices
(RTDs), thermistors etc.

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Mass Measurement Device

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Flow measurement Device

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A strain gauge is a type of electrical sensor. It's primary use is to measure force or strain. The resistance of a strain
gauge changes when force is applied and this change will give a different electrical output. Strain gauges use this
method to measure pressure, force, weight and tension

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Wheatstone Bridge

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Accuracy describes how closely a given measurement matches the true value.

Precision describes the ranges of measured values and is closely related to deviation and standard deviation.

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Difference Between open and closed loop system
Closed Loop Control
Sr. No. Open Loop Control System
System
The feedback element is The feedback element is
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absent. always present.
An error detector is not An error detector is always
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present. present.

3 It is a stable one. It may become unstable.

4 Easy to construct. Complicated construction.

5 It is economical. It is costly.
6 Having a small bandwidth. Having a large bandwidth.
7 It is inaccurate. It is accurate.
8 Less maintenance. More maintenance.
9 It is unreliable. It is reliable.
Examples: Hand drier, tea Examples: Servo voltage
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maker stabilizer, perspiration 44
Capter-2

Introduction
to
Mechatronics system

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Product Life Cycle

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EVALUATION IN CONSUMER DEMAND

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Merging of Multidisciplinary Branch

Electronic
Mechanical
systems
System

Control
Computers Systems

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MECHATRONICS
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that
combines several types of engineering like
electrical, computer, mechanical and refers to the
skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced
automated manufacturing industry.
Role of Mechatronics Engineer

The Role of Mechatronics Engineer is to design and

prepare a machine using mechanical and electronic
components and program them using computer and
control system. Mechatronics engineers specialize in
both electrical engineering and mechanics and can
work in a variety of jobs across multiple engineering
disciplines.

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Advantages of Mechatronics system

1. It is cost effective and it can produce high quality products.

2. Production of parts and products of international standards gives better reputation and return.
3. It serves effectively for high dimensional accuracy requirements.
4. It provides high degree of flexibility to modify or redesign the systems.
5. It provides excellent performance characteristics.
6. It Results in automation in production, assembly and quality control.
7. Mechatronic systems provide the increased productivity in manufacturing organization.
8. Reconfiguration feature by pre supplied programs facilitate the low volume production.
9. It provides higher level of flexibility required for small product cycles.
10.It provides the possibility of remote controlling as well as centralized monitoring and control.
11.It has greater extend of machine utilization.
12.Higher life is expected by proper maintenance and timely diagnosis of the fault.
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Disadvantages of Mechatronics System
1. The initial cost is high.
2. Maintenance and repair may workout costly.
3. Multi-disciplinary engineering background is required to design and implementation.
4. It needs highly trained workers to operate.
5. Techno-economic estimation has to be done carefully in the selection of mechatronic system.
6. It has complexity in identification and correction of problems in the systems.

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Industrial Application of Mechatronics

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Mechatronics word is made from the combination of words mechanics and electronics, so it is a field of science
which mainly includes mechanical and electronic engineering. It also includes computer engineering, control
engineering, systems engineering, and telecommunications engineering. It is basically application of various
technical fields to find more reliable product design and manufacturing solutions.

The best example of Mechatronics is an industrial robot. Mechatronics has large scope for engineers of all fields.
Like Robotics Engineer, Electro-mechanical Engineer, Simulation Engineer, Mechanical Design Engineer,
Electronics Technician, Project Engineer, and Systems Engineer some of the industrial application are

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Mechatronics is important because it enhances functionality and features.
1. It brings more efficiency. Mechatronics adds intelligence to design of the system, by which efficiency of the system
improves.
2. It reduces cost. Mechanical solutions are expensive when compared to mechatronics solutions, which lowers cost.
3. A mechatronic solution improves design time, product size and reliability. It is also more user-friendly and safer to use.
4. Mechatronic uses microcontroller, by which precision, position, speed, flow rate, and variables can be controlled.
5. Using mechatronic solution increases reliability. Mechanical designs get damaged over time whereas mechatronic design
is more reliable. An example is the odometer present in the cars.

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What is a sensor?

A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and responds to some output on the other system.
A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a digital signal)
converted into a human-readable display or transmitted for reading or further processing.

Example:-

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1. Camera
2. Pedometer – tracking your steps daily
3. Light sensor – the ability to reference the light in
the room and adjust the screen brightness
accordingly
4. Thermometer – the internal operating system
monitors temperature and will shut off if the
system gets too hot
5. Fingerprint sensor – provides added security to
the phone
6. Microphone – allows others to hear what you are
saying
7. Proximity sensor – tracks how close you are to
the phone so that buttons aren’t pushed during
calls
8. Magnetometer – monitors the magnetic field to
determine the direction the phone is moving
9. Accelerometer – able to determine if you are
holding the phone vertical or horizontal and
adjust the screen accordingly
10. Gyroscope – helps keep photos from being blurry
from a camera shake
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Sensors in smart Environments

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 Transducer
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a
signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.
example include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna

Types of Transducer
1. Temperature transducers (e.g. a thermocouple)
2. Pressure transducers (e.g. a diaphragm)
3. Displacement transducers (e.g. LVDT)
4. Oscillator transducer.
5. Flow transducers.
6. Inductive Transducer.
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Sensor and transducer

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A device that detects/ measures a signal or stimulus
Acquire information from real world

A device that generates a signal or stimulus

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MECHATRONICS
Mechatronics word is made from the combination of words mechanics and
electronics, so it is a field of science which mainly includes mechanical and
electronic engineering. It also includes computer engineering, control
engineering, systems engineering, and telecommunications engineering. It is
basically application of various technical fields to find more reliable product
design and manufacturing solutions.

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Autotronics
What is the Autotronics?
The Autotronics is referred to as modern automotive technology and also commonly
known as Automotive Mechatronics. Autotronics is the combination of automobile
and electronics while hybrid refers to technology that uses two or more distinct
power sources to move the vehicle.
The main areas of automobiles using autotronics are engine controlling system,
airbags, antilock braking system, lightening interiors, GPS, music systems etc.

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 Bionics
biology + electronics

The study of mechanical systems that function like living

organisms or parts of living organisms.

Bionics or biologically inspired engineering is the application of biological

methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of
engineering systems and modern technology.

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Avionics
Word origin
[1945–50; AVI(ATION) + (ELECTR)ONICS]

Avionics is a category of electronic systems and equipment specifically designed

for use in aviation.
Every modern aircraft, spacecraft, and artificial satellite uses electronic systems of
varying types to perform a range of functions pertinent to their purpose and
mission.

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AEROSPACE / AVIONICS

An aerospace engineer is responsible for designing and building the

structure of whatever craft it is. An avionics engineer focuses on the
electronic systems used within it, i.e. the way it communicates with base
camp, monitors fuel systems and reports on altitudes, temperatures and
pressures.

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Capter-3

Overview
of
Mechanical Actuation System

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किसी मशीन का जो भाग गति कराने, या ऊर्जा प्रवाहित करने का काम करता है,
उसे संचालक या प्रवर्तक (actuator) कहते हैं।
Mechanical Actuation System
A mechanical actuator functions to execute movement by converting one kind of motion, such as rotary motion,
into another kind, such as linear motion. An example is a rack and pinion. The operation of mechanical
actuators is based on combinations of structural components, such as gears and rails, or pulleys and chains.

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 Hydraulic Actuation System
What is hydraulic actuation system?
A hydraulic actuator consists of a cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical
operation. The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion. Because
liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert considerable force.

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Pneumatic Actuation System
What is Pneumatic actuation system?
Pneumatic actuators generate operating energy through the efficient use of compressed air. The
instrument air builds up force or pressure which applies against the diaphragm or piston. This then moves
the valve actuator to position on the valve stem and the result is mechanical motion.

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Pressure-control valves are found in practically every pneumatic and hydraulic system. They help in a variety of
functions, from keeping system pressures below a desired limit to maintaining a set pressure level in part of a circuit.

Different types of
pressure control
valves include relief, redu
cing, sequence,
counterbalance, safety,
and unloading. All of
them are typically
closed valves, except
for reducing valves,
which are usually open.
For most of these valves,
a restriction is necessary
to produce the
required pressure contro

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Control Valve

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 Hydraulic intensifier
The hydraulic intensifier is a mechanical device which is used to increase the intensity of pressure of the fluid. It
utilizes the energy of large quantity of liquid at low pressure. Some hydraulic machines require high pressure for
working but this high pressure can't be obtained by using pump.

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Hydraulic intensifier

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What is basic amplifier?
The process of increasing the signal strength is called as Amplification. Almost all electronic equipment must
include some means for amplifying the signals.

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