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History of Computers

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celine ramy
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41 views10 pages

History of Computers

Uploaded by

celine ramy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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By Celine Ramy

Year 6A
The computers were born not only for entertainment
but also out of a need to solve a serious number-
crunching crisis.
By 1880, the U.S. population
had grown so large that it took
more than seven years to
tabulate the U.S. Census results.

The government sought a faster


way to get the job done, giving
rise to punch-card based
computers that took up entire rooms.
The 1800 s
• 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a
loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically
weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar
punch cards.

• 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card


system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing
the task in just three years and saving the government
$5 million. He establishes a company that would
ultimately become IBM.
The 1900 s
1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a
universal machine, later called
the
Turing machine, capable of computing
anything that is computable.
The
central concept of the modern
computer was based on his ideas.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student,


Clifford Berry, design a computer that can
solve 29 equations simultaneously. This
marks the first time a computer is able to
1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and
J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers,
it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.

1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell


Laboratories invent the transistor. They discovered how to make
an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum.
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which
eventually becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son
of IBM CEO Thomas

1954: The foreign programming language, an acronym for Formula


Translation, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by
John Backus, according to the University of Michigan.

1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit,
known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 2000 for his work.

1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern


computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). This
marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for
scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible
to the general public.
1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM
engineers who invent the "floppy disk,"
allowing data to be shared among computers.

1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the


Altair 8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival
commercial models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates,
offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language.
On April 4, the two childhood friends form their own software company,
Microsoft.

1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April
Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-
circuit board,
1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the
first West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates
an audio cassette drive for storage.

1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first


computerized spreadsheet program.

1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is


introduced. It uses Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel
chip, two floppy disks and an optional color monitor.

1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also
features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves
into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer with
the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop."
video capabil
1985: The fir
Massachuset

1990: Tim Be

1994: PCs be
1996: Sergey

1999: The te
2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges
Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant
Web browser.

2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is


founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-
based mobile phone operating system.
2006: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its
first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer,
as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii
game console hits the market.
2007: The iPhone brings many computer
functions to the smartphone.

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