P. E. S.

POLYTECHNIC
NAGSENVANA CHHATRAPATI
SAMBHAJI NAGAR
Department of Electronics and Computer
Engineering [2024-25]
Micro-Project on
“Construct the audio amplifier using IC
LM386N or equivalent IC “
Under the Guidance of:
Prof. Ashwini Mohod
Submitted by
Mr. Tejas Narwade
In partial Fulfilment of the
Electronics and Computer Engineering
Course:- Analog Electronics
Course code:- 313324
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Tejas Narwade Roll NO. 267, of

3rd semester of Diploma in Electronics and Computer
Engineering of Institute P.E.S. Polytechnic Chh. Sambhaji
Nagar has completed the Micro- Project satisfactorily in
subject Analog Electronics for the academic year 2024-25.

Enrollment no.:- 24511960518

Date:- / /

Subject Teacher H.O.D. Principal

 Table of Content
Chapter 1- LM386 Amplifier IC
Chapter 2- Introduction
Chapter 3- Features of Specification
Chapter 4- Electrical Characteristics of
LM386 IC
Chapter 5- LM386 Pins Configuration
Chapter 6- Pin Description
Chapter 7- LM386 IC Circuit Diagram
and Working
Chapter 8- Application of LM386 Audio
Amplifier IC
 Introduction
LM386 IC is an audio power amplifier integrated circuit
designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. It is
suitable for battery-powered devices such as radios,
doorbells, telephones, guitars amplifiers, and hobby
electronic projects. It is mostly used as an amplifier in
computer speakers and small portable stereos.
The LM386 IC is available in 8 pins dual in-line package
(DIP-8). The voltage gain of the amplifier can be adjusted to
20 and it will be enhanced to 200 by adding external
components like resistor and capacitor among the pin 1
and 8. The LM386 IC amplifier consists of 8 pins where pin
1 and pin 8 are gain control pins. This allows a customer to
control the volume. Depending on the model, using a 9-volt
power supply, an amplifier can deliver the output power in
the range of 0.25W to 1W.
In this guide, we will learn about the LM386 Low Voltage
Audio Power Amplifier IC basics, features, circuit, working,
pins configuration & Applications. You can go through the
Op-Amp IC 741 & also LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC to learn
more about the operational amplifier.
 Features
and
Specificatio
ns
The followings are the main
features and specifications of
LM386 IC:

• Wide range of supply voltage:

4V-12V or 5 V-18V (Based on
model)
• Voltage gain from 20 to 200
• Battery operation
• Minimum external components
• Low static power drain: 4mA
• Available in package of MSOP
• Operating temperature: 0 -70˚C
• Low Distortion :0.2%
• Input is referenced by ground
• Self-concentric output static
voltage
• Speaker impedance 4Ω
Electrical Characteristic of
LM386 IC
Based on the model, the voltage gain of the IC 386 IC
amplifier can vary from 20 to 200 with a supply
voltage range of 4V-12V or 5V-18V. There are three
models of the audio power amplifier available on
market and they are LM386N-1, LM386N-3, and
LM386N-4.
The minimum voltage, maximum voltage, minimum
output power, and typical output power of the
amplifiers associated with these three models are
given in the tabular diagram shown below.
 LM386 Pins
Configuration
The real image and pin-out configuration of
LM386 IC are shown in the diagram below.
LM386 has eight pins in total which have
different functions.
Pin Description
• Pin1 (Gain): It is a gain pin used to
adjust the amplifier gain by connecting
this IC to an external component
capacitor.
• Pin 2 (Input -): It is a non-inverting
input terminal used to provide the
audio signal.
• Pin 3 (Input +): It is inverting input
terminal used to provide the audio
signal.
• Pin 4 (GND): It is a ground pin
connected to the ground terminal of the
system
• Pin 5 (Vout): It is the output pin used
to provide amplified output audio, and
is allied to the speaker.
• Pin 6 (Vs): It is connected to the power
and receives the positive DC voltage.
• Pin 7 (Bypass): It is a bypass pin used
to connect a decoupling capacitor.
From this pin description, we can say
that
• Pin 1 and Pin 8 represent the gain control terminal
of the amplifier. These are the terminals where we
can adjust the gain by placing a resistor and
capacitor or just a capacitor between these
terminals.
• Pin 2 and Pin 3 represent the sound input signal
terminals. These are the terminals where we place
the sound that we want to amplify. Pin 2 is the
negative input and Pin 3 is the positive input.
• Pin 4 is GND (ground) Terminal and is connected to
the ground in the circuit.
• Pin 5 represents the output of the amplifier. An
amplified signal comes out from this terminal.
• Pin 6 receives the positive DC voltage so that the
amplifier can receive the necessary power to amplify
signals.
• Pin 7 represents the Bypass terminal. This terminal
can bypass 15KΩ resistors. it is usually left open or
is wired to the ground in circuit design. However,
for better stability, a capacitor can be added to the
circuit to prevent oscillations in the op-amp IC.
LM386 IC Circuit Diagram and
Working
Basically, Audio Amplifier LM 386 includes three
functional blocks and they are: Power as well as Output,
Bypass, and gain control. The circuit diagram for the
audio amplifier using LM 386 IC is shown in the figure
below.
 Working
The major components of the audio amplifier are LM386 IC,
power supply-12V, capacitors like 100 µF, 1000 µF, 0.05 µF,
10 µF, Potentiometer – 10 KΩ, connector, resistor-10 KΩ,
speaker-4Ω. These components are connected as per the
above circuit diagram.
For the design of this audio amplifier, firstly two power
supply pins (pin 4 and pin 6) is connected where pin 4 is
given to the ground and pin 6 is connected to a 12V supply.
After the power supply, input from any kind of audio source
like a mobile phone or microphone is connected through a
3.5 mm connector. The LM 386 IC connects the right and left
audio using the source with the ground terminal.
The potentiometer is connected to the input to control the
input level in the circuit. Further, a capacitor can be
connected to the input in series to remove the DC
components.
The gain of this IC is adjusted to 20 and it will be enhanced
to 200 by connecting a capacitor (10µF) between pin 1 and
pin 8.
We can make a bypass capacitor to reduce the noise by
connecting a capacitor (100µF) to pin 7 of LM 386 IC.
At the connection of output, a capacitor (0.05 µF) and a
resistor (10 Ω) are connected in series among the GND which
is connected to pin 5 of the IC. This circuit form a Zobel
network, a filter circuit having a capacitor and resistor and
used for adjusting the input impedance.
With the help of impedance, the speaker can be connected in
How to Control Gain for
LM386 IC?
The LM 386 IC is designed in such a
way that its pin 1 and pin 8 have been
attributed with a gain control facility
which may be set externally. We can
use this facility for a better response
of IC.
When the control pins are kept
unconnected to anything, the internal
resistor (1.35KΩ) sets the gain of the
IC to 20. If a capacitor is added across
the control pin, the gain will be
enhanced to 200.
Hence, The gain of LM 386 IC may be
simply made adjustable by connecting
a pot in series with a capacitor across
pin 1 and pin 8.
Applications of LM386 Audio
Amplifier IC :
An Audio Amplifier LM 386 IC can be used in a
variety of applications. It is one of the most
important IC in the audio section, and it is
commonly used in the following applications.

• A battery-operated system
like TV sound systems,
Ultrasonic Drivers,
Recording voice from
microphone
• AM and FM radio amplifiers
• Low-power audio amplifiers
• Portable music players
• Laptop/computer speakers
and small portable stereos
• Audio boosters
• Wien Bridge Oscillator
• Intercoms
•