5 :- The Fundamental Unit of Life

Definition:- Cell is the structural and Functional unit of all life forms.

• Robert Hooke saw that the thin slice of cork resembled the structure of a
honeycomb consisting of many little compartments

• This celll was Dead

cell
 • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first discovered free-living algae
Spirogyra cells in water in the pond in 1674 with the
improved microscope.

Shapes of Cell

Cubical cell
 Types of Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Unicellular Multicellular
Organism Organisms
Characteristics Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
Definition Any cell that contains a Any unicellular organism
clearly defined nucleus and that does not contain a
membrane bound membrane bound nucleus
organelles. or organelles
Examples Animal, plant, fungi, and Bacteria and Archaea
protist cells

Nucleus Present (membranebound) Absent (nucleoid region)

Cell Size Large (10-100 micrometers) Small (less than a
micrometer to 5
micrometers)
Organism Type Usually multicellular Unicellular
Cell Structure
&
Organisati on
 Cell wall
Plasma membrane / Cell membrane
Nucleus

Cytoplasm
All activities inside the cell
interaction with
environment are possible.
 NUCLEUS
Structure :
Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
They are also called Brain Of the cell .

Function
Control center of the cell
Stores hereditary info (DNA)
Makes RNA and protein
Makes ribosomes (nucleolus)

The nucleus contains chromosomes,

which are visible as rod-shaped structures
only when the cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes contain information for
inheritance of features from parents to Nucleus It was Discovered by
next generation in the form of DNA ROBERT BROWN
(Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) molecules.
 PLASMA MEMBRANE/CELL MEMBRANE
Function:
physical barrier for the cell; separates internal and
external environments; selective permeability
Location:
surrounding the cell, outer surface

CYTOPLASM CELL WALL

Structure: Function:
Fluid between cell membrane Provides support and protection
& organelles for the cell
Contains water, salts, organic Structure:
compounds Lies outside the cell membrane
Function: Found in plants, algae, fungi and
Aids in movement many bacterial
NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS!
 Plasmolysis Semipermiable Membrane
Plasmolysis is the shrinking of the A semi-permeable membrane is one that allows
cytoplasma of a plant cell in response to certain molecules to pass through it while it does not
diffution of water out of the cell & into a allow others to pass through it. A cell membrane is a
high salt concentration solution. semipermeable membrane. A semi-permeable
During plsmolysis ,the cell membrane membrane is helpful in the process of osmosis.
pulls away from the cell wall.
Osmosis (Only for Water)
Osmosis Osmosis is a process of movement of solvents through
a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower
solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Diff uti on (Any Substance)
Diffusion- The mixing of a substance with another
substance due to the motion or movement of its
particles is called diffusion. It is one of the properties
of materials.
  If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration than the cell,
Hypotonic meaning that the outside solution is very dilute, the cell will gain water by osmos is
Such a solution is known as a hypotonic solution.
Soluti on  Water molecules are free to pass across the cell membrane in both directions, but
more water will come into the cell than will leave. The cell is likely to swell-up

If the medium has exactly the same water concentration as the cell, there will be no net
Isotonic movement of water across the cell membrane. Such a solution is known as an isotonic
solution.
Soluti on Water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but the amount going in is the
same as the amount going out, so there is no overall movement of water. The cell will
stay the same size.

 If the medium has a lower concentration of water than the cell, meaning that it is a
Hypertonic very concentrated solution, the cell will lose water by osmosis. Such a solution is
known as a hypertonic solution.
Soluti on  Water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but this time more water leaves
the cell thanenters it. Therefore the cell will shrink.
Some important Cell organals

1.Endoplasmic Racti culum

2.Golgi Apparatus

3.Lysosomes

4. Mitochondria

5.Plasti ds 6.vacuoles
 1.Endoplasmic Racti culum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network of
membrane-bound tubes and sheets. It looks like long Rough ER
tubules or round or oblong bags (vesicles)
Smooth ER

The RIBOSOMES which are present in all active cells,

are the sites of PROTEIN MANUFACTURE.

The SER helps in the MANUFACTURE OF FAT

MOLECULES or lipids.

Some of these proteins and lipids help in building

the cell membrane. This process is known as
MEMBRANE BIOGENSIS.

Some other proteins and lipids function as enzymes

and hormones.
2.Golgi Apparatus First described by Camillo Golgi
It consists of a system of membrane-bound
vesicles arranged approximately parallel to each
other in stacks called cisterns.
These membranes often have connections with the
membranes of ER.

The material synthesized near the ER is packaged

and dispatched to various targets inside and outside
the cell through the Golgi apparatus.

MitochondriaIts functions include the storage,

modification and packaging of products in
Golgi Apparatus vesicles.In some cases, complex sugars may be
made from simple sugars in the Golgi apparatus.
 Structurally, lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs
3.Lysosomes
filled with digestive enzymes.

1. Lysosomes are a kind of waste disposal

system of the cell. Lysosomes help to keep the
cell clean by digesting any foreign material as
well as worn-out cell organelles
Suicidal Bag / Garbage Bag
2. When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes
may burst and the enzymes digest their own
cell. Therefore, lysosomes are also known as
the 'suicide bags of a cell.
 STRUCTURE
4. Mitochondria
Mitochondria have two membrane coverings instead of just
one. The outer membrane is very porous while the inner
membrane is deeply folded.

POWER HOUSE
FUNCTION:
 The energy required for various chemical activities
needed for life is released by mitochondria in the
form of ATP (Adenosine triphopshate) molecules.
ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.

 Mitochondria are strange organelles in the sense

that they have own DNA and ribosomes.

Therefore, mitochondria are able to make some of

their own proteins.
 5.Plasti ds They are present only in PLANT CELLS.

Leucoplasts are
primarily
organelles in
Chloroplasts are important for
which materials
PHOTOSYNTHESIS in plants such as starch,
oils &protein
granules are
stored

The internal organisation of the plastids

consists of numerous membrane layers
embedded in a material called the stroma

Like the mitochondria, plastids also have

their own DNA and ribosomes.
6.vacuoles  Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents. Vacuoles are
small sized in animal cells while plant cells have very large vacuoles.

 In plant cells vacuoles are full of cell sap and provide turgidity and
rigidity to the cell.

It stores important substances like amino acids, sugars, various organic
acids and some proteins.

 Some unicellular organisms have food vacuoles, while some others

have specialised vacluoles to expell excess water & waste.
 CELL DIVISION
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells
HAPLOID CELL ( 23 C )
#HAPLOID & DIPLOID CELLS
HAPLOID SPERM

Diploid CELL

Diploid CELL (46 C )

HAPLOID EGG
The process of cell division by which most of the In this process,each cell called mother cell they
cells divide for growth is called Mitosis divide by different process meiosis which involves
two consecutive division.
Thank you