A PRESENTATION ON

C A R D I OVA S C U L A R M E A S U R I N G
INSTRUMENT
PRESENTED BY;
AKINBOLUSERE MICHEAL O.
BIM/16/8764
HASSAN OLUWAFEMI E.
BIM/16/8771
ADEBOYA OLABISI
BIM/16/8759
FALADE JEROME OLUMIDE
BIM/17/4100
BADEJO TOLULOPE PATRICK
BIM/16/7769
LAWAL BINTU OLUWAKEMI
BIM/16/8774
EDUN DORCAS OLUWATIMILEHIN
BIM/15/3176
ODONGHANRO GODSPOWER
BIM/15/3194
LECTURER IN CHARGE: DR. O.K. DATE:
CONTE
NTS
• INTRODUCTION

• CARDIOVASCULAR MEASUREMENT

• CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURING INSTRUMENT

• TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES

• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

The circulatory system, also called the

cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is
an organ system that permits blood to circulate
and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and
electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
and blood cells to and from the cells in the body
to provide nourishment and help in fighting
diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and
maintain homeostasis
CARDIOVASCULAR
MEASUREMENT
A cardiovascular measurement is a measurement of some part of the
cardiovascular system and is typically used in the process of disease
diagnosis in human patients.

HEART PULSE RATE BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC

HEART SOUNDS
OUTPUT
CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURING
INSTRUMENT
ELECTROCARDIO
GRAPH
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a
graphic recording or display of the time-
variant voltages produced by the
myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
There are three main components
to an ECG: the P wave, which represents
the depolarization of the atria; the QRS
complex, which represents the
depolarization of the ventricles; and the T
wave, which represents the repolarization
of the ventricles.
MODE OF OPERATION

• Electrocardiographs are recorded by machines that consist of a set of electrodes

connected to a central unit. Early ECG machines were constructed with analog
electronics where the signal drove a motor to print out the signal onto paper.

• Recording an ECG is a safe and painless procedure. The machines are powered
by mains power but they are designed with several safety features including an
earthed (ground) lead. Electrodes are the actual conductive pads attached to the
body surface. Any pair of electrodes can measure the electrical potential
difference between the two corresponding locations of attachment.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S

• Non-invasive. • Many potential sources of

• Relatively easy to perform. artifacts, e.g.:
• Can permanently document – Electrical interference, e.g. poor
arrhythmias that may also be electrode contact, improper
difficult to definitively diagnose on grounding, other electrical
auscultation alone. equipment, fluorescent lighting,
patient in contact with damp or
• Can be used for long-term heart rate
metal surface
and rhythm recording to diagnose
– Patient movement, e.g. muscle
intermittent dysrhythmia in the
investigation of collapse tremor, shivering, breathing,
moving.
• Can be used to assess the
– Interference from holder
exercising horse.
SPHGMOMANO
METER
A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood
pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or
blood pressure gauge, is a device used to
measure blood pressure, composed of an
inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the
artery under the cuff in a controlled manner,
and a mercury or mechanical manometer to
measure the pressure.
It is always used in conjunction with a
means to determine at what pressure blood
flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is
unimpeded.
MODE OF OPERATION

• The cuff is normally placed smoothly and snugly around an upper

arm, at roughly the same vertical height as the heart while the
subject is seated with the arm supported. Other sites of placement
depend on species and may include the flipper or tail. It is essential
that the correct size of cuff is selected for the patient. Too small a
cuff results in too high a pressure, while too large a cuff results in
too low a pressure
• The Digital Sphygmomanometer makes use of Electronic pressure
sensor. It senses the inflation and the pressure and then converts it
to electronic sensor.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF SPHGMOMANOMETER

A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S

• They accurately measure mean • Digital oscillometric monitors may

blood pressure and pulse rate, not be advisable for some
while systolic and diastolic patients, such as those suffering
pressures are obtained less from arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia,
accurately than with manual preeclampsia, pulsus alternans,
meters and pulsus paradoxus, as their
calculations may not correct for
these conditions.
• Calibration is also a concern.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPH

Echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves to produce

live images of your heart. The image is an echocardiogram.
This test allows your doctor to monitor how your heart and its
valves are functioning. The images can help them spot:
• blood clots in the heart
• fluid in the sac around the heart
• problems with the aorta, which is the main artery
connected to the heart
An echocardiogram is key in determining the health of
the heart muscle, especially after a heart attack. It can also
reveal heart defects in unborn babies.
MODE OF OPERATION
• Echocardiograph makes us of a Magnetic flow • In an ultrasonic blood flow meter, a beam of
meter (mag meter, electromagnetic flow ultrasonic energy is used to measure the
meter), transducer that measures fluid flow by velocity of flowing blood. This can be done
the voltage induced across the liquid by its flow in two different ways. In the transit time
through a magnetic field. A magnetic field is
ultrasonic flow meter, a pulsed beam is
applied to the metering tube, which results in a
directed through a blood vessel at a shallow
potential difference proportional to the flow
angle and its transit time is then measured.
velocity perpendicular to the flux lines. The
When the blood flows in the direction of the
physical principle at work is electromagnetic
energy transmission, the transit time is
induction. The magnetic flow meter requires a
shortened. If it flows in the opposite
conducting fluid, for example, water that
direction, the transit time is lengthened.
contains ions, and an electrical insulating pipe
surface, for example, a rubber-lined steel tube.
PLETHYSMOGRAPH
A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring
changes in volume within an organ or whole body
(usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of
blood or air it contains).
Related to the measurement of blood flow is the
measurement of volume changes in any part of the body
that result from the pulsations of blood occurring with
each heartbeat. Such measurements are useful in the
diagnosis of arterial obstructions as well as for pulse-
wave velocity measurements. Instruments measuring
volume changes or providing outputs that can be related
to them are called plethysmographs, and the
measurement of these volume changes, or phenomena
related thereto, is called plethysmography.
MODE OF OPERATION
• Impedance plethysmography measurements can be made using a two-
electrode or a four-electrode system. The electrodes are either conductive
bands wrapped around the limb or digit to be measured or simple
conductive strips of tape attached to the skin. In either case, the electrodes
contact the skin through a suitable electrolyte jelly or paste to form an
electrode interface and to remove the effect of skin resistance.
– In a two-electrode system, a constant current is forced through the tissue
between the two electrodes, and the resulting voltage changes are measured.

– In the four-electrode system, the constant current is forced through two outer, or
current electrodes, and the voltage between the two inner, or measurement,
electrodes is measured.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF PLETHYSMOGRAPH

A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S
• Plethysmography measures changes in • The distributions of the mean impedances in
volume in different areas of the body. It different parts of the test object and hence
measures these changes with blood of the electric current are not known
pressure cuffs or other sensors. exactly;

• Plethysmography is especially effective in • The effects of vascular filling following

venous occlusion on mean impedance
detecting changes caused by blood flow.
cannot be determined;
It helps doctor determine blood clotting in
the arm or leg. • At constant volume, the impedances may
vary with temperature, blood velocity, and
• It also helps doctor to calculate the
internal shifts of fluid and varying degrees
volume of air the lungs can hold. of moisture on the skin.
 TECHNOLOGICAL TREND IN
CARDIOVASCULAR MEASURING DEVICES

The current development of medical

devices shows that it is a big trend to
monitor and monitor at any time in home
and everyday life, not in a specific place of
hospital. In accordance with this trend,
medical technology is moving from the
field of doctors and specialists to the
general public, from the hospital to the
home, and also to the mobile environment,
and wearable devices and related services
will play an increasingly important role.
CONCLUS
ION
Cardiovascular measuring instruments can provide valuable information about the

individual responses and therefore the individual strain of the human body.

However, valid and reliable measurement is essential to convey the required

information and to enable a valid modeling and prediction of these responses. The

following chapter analyzes the reliability of different sensor technologies currently

available. Additionally, their feasibility for wearables allows for easy measurement.
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