BASICS OF NETWORKING

What is
networking ????
networking, is the practice of transporting
and exchanging data between nodes over a
shared medium in an information system.
Or
A computer network is a set of computers
sharing resources located on or provided by
network nodes. The computers use common
communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with each
other
Types of
Networking
Networks differ based on size, connectivity,
coverage and design. This guide explores
seven common types of networks, including
their benefits and use cases.
Local area network. ...
Metropolitan area network. ...
Wide area network. ..
LOCAL AREA
NETWORK Advantage Disadvantage
A local area network is a computer network
that interconnects computers within a
limited area such as a residence, school, Because it is
laboratory, university campus or office just so easy to
building gain access to
other people's
software
The components,
fundamental security is a
LAN setup is major
not problem. To
outrageously restrict
costly. unwanted
access,
additional
security tests
are
recommended
.
metropolitan area
network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
computer network that is larger than a
single building local area network (LAN) but
is located in a single geographic area that is
smaller than a wide area network (WAN).
WIDE AREA
NETWORK
A wide area network is a telecommunications
network that extends over a large geographic
area. Wide area networks are often
established with leased telecommunication
circuits

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-
between-lan-man-and-wan#:~:text=LAN
%20stands%20for%20Local%20Area,stands
%20for%20Wide%20Area
%20Network.&text=LAN%20is%20often
%20owned%20by%20private
%20organizations.
Network fundamentals
• Wired and wire less network
• Linkes ,nodes
• IP ADDRESS and subnet mask and MAC Add
• LAYERS OF NETWORK
• Diff types of networking devices-Routers,switches and Hubs
• PROTOCOLS and ports.
• Types of communication
• DNS/DHCP/NIC
Data encryption and decryption
What are
protocols
A network protocol is an established set of
rules that determine how data is transmitted
between different devices in the same
network
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
Reference Model defines seven layers of
networking protocols.
...
In this model, there are four layers, including:
Ethernet (Physical/Data Link Layers)
IP/IPX (Network Layer)
TCP/SPX (Transport Layer)
HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and DNS(combined
Session/Presentation/Application Layers)
STUDY ALL PROTOCOLS
Layers in network
Separate notes shared for osi and TCP-IP
Models
Kindly check them
TCP-IP MODEL
IP ADDRESS
• IP V4-32 BITS
• IP V6-128 BITS
• Computer understand data in form of BIT WHICH IS 0/1
• 8BIT =1 BYTE
• 8 BYTE = 1KB
• 1024 KB = 1 MB
• 1024 MB = 1GB
• 1024 GB= 1TB
IPV4 ADDRESS
It’s a 32 bit address with 4 octats
127.0.01
The loopback address, also called localhost,
is probably familiar to you. It is an internal
address that routes back to the local system.
The loopback address in IPv4 is 127.0. 01
A 0.0. 0.0 address indicates the client isn't
connected to a TCP/IP network, and a device
may give itself a 0.0. 0.0 address when it is
offline.
Private and public
ip address
A private IP address is a range of non-
internet facing IP addresses used in an
internal network. Private IP addresses are
provided by network devices, such as routers,
using network address translation.

A public IP address is an IP address that can

be accessed directly over the internet and is
assigned to your network router by your
internet service provider (ISP)

https://www.avast.com/c-ip-address-public-
vs-private#:~:text=A%20public%20IP
%20address%20identifies,a%20unique
%20private%20IP%20address.
Sub netting
A subnetwork or subnet is a logical
subdivision of an IP address into network and
host bits
CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a
range of IP addresses a network uses. A
CIDR address looks like a normal IP address,
except that it ends with a slash followed by a
number. The number after the slash
represents the number of addresses in the
range.
OPERATING • https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
SYSTEM difference-between-linux-and-
An operating system is system software that windows/
manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for
computer programs

An operating system (OS) is the program that,

after being initially loaded into the computer
by a boot program, manages all of the other
application programs in a computer. The
application programs make use of the
operating system by making requests for
services through a defined application
program interface (API).
Linux, Windows, macOS. 64-bit OS and 32-bit
OS. Batch OS, Time-Sharing OS, Distributed
OS, Real-Time OS, Networking OS
RDP AND SSH
• Remote desktop protocol (RDP) is a secure network communications
protocol developed by Microsoft. It enables network administrators
to remotely diagnose problems that individual users encounter and
gives users remote access to their physical work desktop computers.
• SSH or Secure Shell is a network communication protocol that enables
two computers to communicate (c.f http or hypertext transfer
protocol, which is the protocol used to transfer hypertext such as
web pages) and share data.
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system
resources, especially data storage and computing power, without
direct active management by the user.
• cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster
innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
Cloud deployment
model
There are 4 main types of cloud deployment model: private
clouds, public clouds, hybrid clouds, and multiclouds
Public cloud is a cloud deployment model where computing
resources are owned and operated by a provider and
shared across multiple tenants via the Internet.
The private cloud is defined as computing services offered
either over the Internet or a private internal network and
only to select users instead of the general public.
hybrid cloud platforms connect public and private resources
in different ways, but they often incorporate common
industry technologies, such as Kubernetes to orchestrate
container-based services. Examples include AWS Outposts,
Azure Stack, Azure Arc, Google Anthos and VMware Cloud
on AWS.

A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in

which infrastructure is shared between several organizations
from a specific community with common concerns,
Cloud service
models
There are three major cloud service
models: software as a service (SaaS),
infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and
platform as a service (PaaS).
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/SaaS-
IaaS-PaaS-Comparing-Cloud-Service-Models
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over
the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and
complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.
• Characteristics of IaaS
• There are the following characteristics of IaaS -
• Resources are available as a service
• Services are highly scalable
• Dynamic and flexible
• GUI and API-based access
• Automated administrative tasks
• Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute
Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage
the applications.
• Characteristics of PaaS
• There are the following characteristics of PaaS -
• Accessible to various users via the same development application.
• Integrates with web services and databases.
• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the
organization's need.
• Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".
• Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache
Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.
Software as a Service (SaaS
• SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of
internet connection and web browser.
• Characteristics of SaaS
• There are the following characteristics of SaaS -
• Managed from a central location
• Hosted on a remote server
• Accessible over the internet
• Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
• The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis
• Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk,
Slack, and GoToMeeting.