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Lesson 2 Module 3 Plant Movements AC 111 2024

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34 views33 pages

Lesson 2 Module 3 Plant Movements AC 111 2024

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Haha Hoho
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Lesson 2

Module 3

Plant Movements

Edwin L. Solilap
USeP
Plants can sense their environment and can respond to
sensory information through visible movements to
optimize their survival, growth, and reproduction.

The earliest findings published in this field were from


Charles Darwin in 1880 in his book entitled

“The Power of Movement in Plants” that explored the


phenomenon of phototropism.
Plant movements = changes in the spatial orientation or
conformation of an organ or its parts

Plant movements include movements toward:


- light
- opening and closing of flowers
- growth of developing roots in search of water and nutrients
- etc ?
- inflorescence, fruits, and shoots - capable of moving by sensing
changes in environment, thereby adjusting their position,
function, and behavior accordingly
Plant movements are extremely slow and often
undetectable.

Classical examples of visible plant movements include


the response of sensitive plants like “touch-me-not”
(Mimosa pudica) and the carnivorous Venus flytrap
(Dionaea muscipula).
Whole organ or single cell movement is also possible – movement
of guard cells regulates the stomatal pore size), as well as growth of
the pollen tube through the style
- movements caused by motor cells, driven by changes in
pressure from within the cells exerted against the cell walls

- Pressure causes changes in the dimensions of individual cells


or tissues - distinctive movements

Bulliform cells or motor cells are large, bubble-


shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of
the leaves of many monocots. These cells are present on the upper
surface of the leaf. They are generally present near the mid-vein
portion of the leaf and are large, empty and colourless.
Classification:

1. Tropic movements - occur in response to environmental


signals

The direction of these movements is determined by vectorial


signals, such as gravity, light, and etc.

2. Nastic movements - predetermined movements occur


independent of the direction of the stimulus. The location
and structure of the motors driving these movements
determine the direction of these movement.
1. Tropic Movements (Tropism)

- initiated by external directional signals that are perceived


by the sensory receptors

- tropic responses are described as positive and negative


tropisms based on whether the movement is toward or
away from the signal, respectively

1.1. Gravitropism - directed by the perception of gravity


by specialized sensory cells and anisotropic response of
motor cells.
1.1. Gravitropism/Geotropism

Gravity represents an omnipresent, constant force that acts on all


organisms including plants, directing their growth and movements

Orthogravitropic – Roots demonstrate positive gravitropism


because they grow in the direction of gravity while shoot-
negative response to gravity

Plagiotropic movement - exhibited by primary root and shoot,


or by the angle with which the organ grows - lateral branches
and roots
1.2. Gravitropism

Gravity represents an omnipresent, constant force that acts on all


organisms including plants, directing their growth and movements

These movements are guided by gravity vector and are


differentiated on the basis of vertical growth as
orthogravitropic, as exhibited by primary root and shoot, or by the
angle with which the organ grows (plagiotropic).
The subterranean rhizomes exhibit a horizontal two-dimensional
movement and are termed diagravitropic.

The orthogravitropic movement in a single dimension


facilitates the movement of the primary root vertically
downward in search of water and minerals.
1.6. Chemotropic movements - external signals can also be
chemical signals that direct plant movements

- They include movement of pollen tube toward the egg cell


in response to chemical signals released from synergids

1.7. Hydrotropism - growth movements in response to


unilateral stimulus of water
1.2. Heliotropism

– response to sunlight during daytime or seasonally


- bending towards the sun came to be designated as
positive heliotropism while a bending away from
the sun was designated as negative heliotropism
– sunflower, tulips
1.3. Thigmotropism – plant will respond to touch
(actually friction) from an external
source
The plant will move toward or away from the contact stimulus.
When the plant moves toward the stimulus, it is called positive
thigmotropism (tendrils of ampalaya).
Avoidance of obstacles
(negative thigmotropism)
1.4. Phototropism
- Phototropic responses can be termed as positive or
negative depending upon whether the plant responds by
growing toward or away from the light source.

Aerial plant parts, including coleoptiles, hypocotyls - are


positively phototropic, while the tendrils of climbing plants
are negatively phototropic
1.5. Phototropism

Leaves are plagiotropic organs orienting


themselves at angles intermediate to the direction of light.

Growth of roots is mostly non-phototropic - not directed


by light.
Light is also known to direct the growth of seedlings
toward photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as
seedlings transit from the use of stored reserve food
(heterotrophic mode of nutrition) to becoming
autotrophic.
This is exemplified by the growth pattern of
etiolated seedlings grown in dark and light.

Stem of an etiolated seedling is long and


spindle-like as it grows out in search of light.

Upon exposure to light, de-etiolation triggers reduction in shoot


length and increase in radial growth
1.6. Chemotropic movements - external signals can also be
chemical signals that direct plant movements

- They include movement of pollen tube toward the egg cell


in response to chemical signals released from synergids

1.7. Hydrotropism - growth movements in response to


unilateral stimulus of water
2. Nastic Movements

Nastic movements are non-directional movements that are driven


by growth or turgor changes and are genetically predetermined.

Autonomic internally directed nastic movements include those


shown by developing buds as they swell and open up.
2. Nastic Movements

2.1. Paratonic nastic motions are externally directed such as


those of the leaves and flowers in responses to changing
light and temperature.

2.3. Nyctinastic movements or night movements involve


folding of flowers and leaves with the onset of night.
2. Nastic Movements

2.3. Seismonastic movements -Mechanical stimulation -


contact, rapid winds, raindrops, etc.

2.4. Photonastic movements - folding and unfolding of


leaves, opening and closing of flowers, etc. are
synchronized by dark to light transition

2.5. Skotonastic movements are synchronized by the light to dark


transition.
Nastic Movements
2.6. Thermonastic movements occur in response to temperature
fluctuations. For example, flowers of the plant Crocus (Iridaceae)
open under ambient temperature and close with lowering of
temperature.
Flowers of Tulipa sp. (Liliaceae) and Crocus sp.
(Iridaceae) open on increasing the temperature and close
on lowering the temperature by as less as 1–3 C around
the ambient temperature

Closure of perianth is mediated by changes in the


extension growth of the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of
the perianth itself in response to temperature fluctuations
Nastic Movements

2.6. Thermonastic movements occur in response to temperature


fluctuations.

- flowers of the plant Crocus (Iridaceae) open under ambient


temperature and close with lowering of temperature
Nastic Movements

2.7. Chemonastic movements such as opening and closing


of guard cells in response to the carbon dioxide in
the substomatal cavity are mediated by changes in the
guard cell osmoticum.
Epinasty and Hyponasty

Nastic movements are also displayed by developing organs, such


as leaves, petals, and sepals, which exhibit structural and
physiological differences between their adaxial (upper) and
abaxial (lower) sides.

As these organs develop, they may exhibit unequal growth


expansion on the two sides, resulting in upward (hyponastic) or
downward (epinastic) growth.

Such bending movements are mediated by unequal growth and


are part of normal development of the plant.
2.8. Thigmonasty

“Touch-me-not”(Mimosa pudica)
plant with its pinnately compound
leaves is a popular example of a
plant that exhibits thigmonastic
movements - movements in response
to touch

The touch stimulus is perceived by


the pulvinus located at the base of
each leaflet and is transmitted
through sieve tubes.
END OF PRESENTATION

Thank you !

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