Environmental Engineering

3(2-1)
SEE-503

Lecture # 01

Engr. Imran Shaukat

Structures and Environmental Engineering
University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Tuesday, August 29, 2023 1

Some basic information
Credit/Contact hours
Credit Hours : 3(2-1)

Credit hours in a week(Theory-Practical)

One credit hour of Theory: 50 min/One lecture

Two credit hours: 100 min/ Two lectures

One credit hour of Practical: 150 min/One lab

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Some basic information (cont…)
Marks/Scores distribution
Credit Hours : 3(2-1)
One credit hour: 20 marks
Three credit hours: 60 marks
Mid: 20%
[12]
Sessional (Quizzes, Assignments, class projects): 10% [06]
Final: 37%
[22]
Practical: 33%
[20]
Total:
100%[60]
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Course Contents
Theory
1. Introduction
Introduction: Environmental Engineering_1, Components of Environmental _1,2, Pollutants
and their classification_2, Monitoring, Multimedia (Water/Liquid, Soil/Solid, Air/gas)
Pollution_2, Materials Balance as environmental system analyses tool_3.
2. Water Pollution and Its remedies
Water Environment: Water/Wastewater Pollutants_1, Water Quality Standards, Agriculture
and Water Environment Pollution_1, Dissolved Oxygen, River Water Quality
Management_4, Unit operations/processes for Preliminary, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Treatments_5.
3. Solid Wastes and its Management
Solid Waste: Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes (SW) Management; SW Categories,
Composition and Characteristics (Physical, Chemical, Biological), 4R Integrated SW
Management- Reduce, Recover, Reuse & Recycle, Physical, Chemical and Bio Processing
of SW, Composting, Incineration, Land filling, other techniques for safe disposal and reuse of
SW.
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Course Contents
Theory
4. Soil Pollution and its Remedies
Soil Degradation: Soil Degradation, Biological Indicators of Soil Quality – Soil Respiration
Rates, Physical Indicators of Soil Quality, Chemical Indicators of Soil Quality, Physical
Soil Degradation, Soil Erosion, Soil Compaction, Soil Crusting and Sealing, Chemical
Soil Degradation, Acidification, Salinization and Sodification, Soil Pollution: Major Types
of Soil Pollutants, Heavy Metals and Their Salts, Heavy Metals and the Soil System,
Transport of Heavy Metals within the Soil System, Bioavailability of Heavy Metals,
Biochemical Effects of Heavy Metals, Major Environmental Accidents. Involving Pollution
by Heavy Metals.
5. Inorganic Pollutants
Inorganic Pollutants, Radionuclides, Speciation and Behavior of Radionuclides in the Soil
System, Uptake of Radionuclides by Plants, Nuclear Debris from Weapon Tests and
Belligerent Activities, Nuclear Debris from Major Nuclear Accidents.

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Course Contents
Practical
1. Measures of Water/wastewater Parameters
Measurements of pH, color, odor, BOD, COD, solids, nitrate from water and wastewater,
Coagulant dose optimization using jar test for water treatment. Analysis of drainage water
for irrigation.
2. Measurement of Solid waste characteristics
Segregation, quantification and characterization of solid wastes, Measurement of moisture
contents, volatile matter, ash contents and fixed carbon.
3. Measurement of Soil Characteristics
Measurement of soil strength, measurement of soil physical and chemical degradation.
4. Measurement of Air Quality
Measurement of particulates and fumes in the air, Measurement of GHGs in various
environments. Measurement of noise level.
5. Field Work and Visits
Case study exercises and assignment, Visit to water/wastewater treatment plant.
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 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
Upon completion of this course students will be able to
Sr No. CLOs PLOs Domain B.T.
CLO-1 Describe basic knowledge and 6 Cognitive C2
definitions of fundamentals of (Engineer & (Comprehension)
Environment, ecosystem and its Society)
interaction with the society.
CLO-2 Analyze different environmental issues 7 Cognitive C4
related to water pollution, air pollution (Environment & (Analysis)
and noise pollution which are Sustainability)
degrading environment and affecting
the lives of humans on earth.
CLO-3 Practice experiments to find different 4 Psychomotor P3
properties of water, air, soil and noise (Investigation) (Guided
by using different analytical approaches Response)
for the purpose of conducting
Environmental monitoring in the field.

Note: PLO: Program Learning Outcomes; B.T: Bloom’s Taxonomy

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Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)

1. Engineering Knowledge
2. Problem Analysis
3. Design/Development of Solutions
4. Investigation
5. Modern Tool Usage
6. The Engineer and Society
7. Environment and Sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and Team-Work
10. Communication
11. Project Management
12. Lifelong Learning
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Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
 Investigation – [PLO-4]
An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way
including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive
valid conclusions.

 The Engineer and Society – [PLO-6]

An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to
complex engineering problems.

 Environment and Sustainability – [PLO-7]

An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and
need for sustainable development.
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Suggested readings

 David, C.C. 2014. Introduction to Environmental

Engineering. Waveland Press, New York, USA.

 Mackenzie, D. and D. Cornwell. 2014. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New
York, USA.

 Masters, G.M. and W.P. Ela. 2007. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering and Science, Pearson
Education, NJ, USA.

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Outline
Introduction

 Environment
 Environmental Engineering
 Components of Environment

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What is Environment ?

 The environment is a combination of all physical,

chemical and biological factors that makes our
surroundings and affects our ability to live on earth.

 Physical factors: Soil, air, water, plants, buildings,

animals etc.
 Chemical factors: Gases (ammonia), liquids (acids &
bases) and solids (sodium hydroxide) which are
corrosive in nature
 Biological factors: Living beings such as animals,
plants and micro-organisms etc.
 When any of these factors interact form the ecosystem.
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Classification of Environment ?

 Based on the specific context the environment can be a social,

political, literary and school environment, however based on
the process of its creation environment can be classified into;

 Natural environment: It includes all living (biotic) and

non-living (abiotic) things that occur naturally on Earth.

 Examples include land surface, oceans etc.

 The creation of these components has been done by

nature, and not by any human intervention or support.
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Natural Environment

Source: https://www.toppr.com/
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Classification of Environment ?

 Man-made environment: It includes all those things which

are created by humans for their use.

 Examples: Cities/housing societies - houses, roads,

schools, hospitals, railway lines, bridges and parks are
components of the human-made environment.

 Human beings construct these surroundings, as these are

needed for providing the required setting for human
activity.

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Man-made Environment

Modified from: https://www.google.com/

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What is Environmental Engineering?

 Environmental engineering is a profession that applies

mathematics and science to utilize the properties of
matter and sources of energy in the solution of problems
of environmental sanitation/complex engineering
problems.

 Properties of matter:
 Concentration of solids, turbidity, taste, odor, color,
temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity, density,
standard volume, viscosity, surface tension, moisture
content, humidity, radiation and dissolved oxygen.

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Properties of Matter

Guidelines and standards for quality of drinking water (Source: Naeem, et al.,
2013)
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What is Environmental Engineering?

 Sanitation Problems:

 Provision of safe, palatable (pleasant to taste), and

ample water supplies.

 Proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid

wastes.

 Adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper

sanitation.

 Control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution.

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What is Environmental Engineering?

 Sanitation Problems:

 Social and environmental impact of these solutions.

 Elimination of the effect of technological advances on

the environment.

 Public health-such as control of arthropod born

diseases, elimination of industrial hazards, provision of
adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational
areas,

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Sanitation Problems

Source: https://twitter.com/worldbank/status/

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Components of Environment

 Our environment is a highly complex and interactive

system consisting of five major components:

 Atmosphere
 Biosphere
 Cryosphere
 Hydrosphere
 Lithosphere

 Depending upon time and location each component play

its role to constitute the environment.

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 https://www.slideshare.net/OshalKhan/component-of-environment
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Components of Environment
What is Atmosphere ?

 The atmosphere is a layer of gases which surrounds the

entire Earth. It consists mainly of Nitrogen (78%),
Oxygen (21%), as well as a few other gaseous elements
(1%). The purpose of this "layer" around the Earth is to
prevent excessive amounts of radiation from reaching
the Earth, thereby allowing we, as animals/plants, to
survive.

 Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers.

These layers are mainly determined by whether
temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From
lowest to highest, these layers are:
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Components of Atmosphere

 Troposphere: The troposphere begins at the surface and

extends to between 7 km (23,000 ft) at the poles and 20
km (65,000 ft) at the equator, with some variation due to
weather.
 The lowest part of the troposphere is warmest, and
temperature decreases with altitude.

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Components of Atmosphere

 Troposphere:

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Components of Atmosphere

 Stratosphere: The stratosphere extends from the

tropopause to about 51 km (32 mi; 170,000 ft).
Temperature increases with height.
 The stratopause, which is the boundary between the
stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km
(31 to 34 mi; 160,000 to 180,000 ft).

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Components of Atmosphere

 Stratosphere:

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Components of Atmosphere

 Mesosphere: The mesosphere extends from the

stratopause at 50km to 85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–
280,000 ft).

 Temperature decreases with height in the mesosphere.

 The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -

90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer.

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Components of Atmosphere

 Mesosphere:

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Components of Atmosphere

 Thermosphere: It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to

between 500 and 1,000 km.
 Temperature increases with height in the thermosphere
from the mesopause up to the thermopause, then is
constant with height.
 The temperature of this layer can rise to 1,500 °C (2,730
°F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that
temperature in the usual sense is not well defined.

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Components of
Atmosphere

 Thermosphere:

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Components of Atmosphere?

 Exosphere: The outermost layer of

Earth's atmosphere extends from
the exobase upward.

 Here the particles are so far apart

that they can travel hundreds of km
without colliding with one another.

 Since the particles rarely collide, the

atmosphere no longer behaves like
a fluid.

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Components of Environment
What is Hydrosphere ?

 The hydrosphere is the liquid water component of the

Earth. It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers
and streams. The hydrosphere covers about 70% of the
surface of the Earth and is the home for many plants and
animals.

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 Thank you!

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 Al-Nasiha

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