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Human Population

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10 views35 pages

Human Population

Uploaded by

adrianr6498
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Human Dimension of

the Environment
Environmental Science 101
Daneille M. L. Guy

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC


Human population
Population
• Factors that influence population size:

• Births I

• Immigration +
• Deaths + -
B N D
• Emigration
-
E
Terms that describe population
change
• Population Size: the number of individuals in a population

• Population density: the number of individuals per unit area

• Population growth: a change in the number of individuals in a


population.
Terms that describe population
change
• Population growth can be positive when the overall number of
individuals increase and negative when the overall number of
individuals decrease

• Population growth rate: the change in the number of individuals in a


population per unit time. Can be negative or positive

• Carrying capacity: the maximum population size that can be sustained


by a particular environment over a relatively long period of time
Population Growth Under Ideal
Environmental Conditions
Population Growth Under Ideal
Environmental Conditions
Phase 1 or Lag phase Growth curve rises slowly (slow growth rate) because
there are few reproducing individuals and it is
difficult to find mates because of low population
density
Phase 2 or log phase Population grows at its biotic potential (maximum
rate). Birth rate exceeds death rate. Environmental
factors begin to impact the population growth amidst
increased competition for resources (environmental
resistance)
Phase 3 or diminishing growth phase Intensity of the effect of environmental factors on
population growth increases and the population
growth rate slows down. The growth curve becomes
less steep.
Phase 4 or stationary phase Population growth rate steadies and tapers off.
Carrying capacity is reached. Resource availability
stabilizes the population size
Phases in population growth
Factors that influences population
size
Factors that increase population size Factors that decrease population size

Adequate food resources Limited food resources


Adequate water resources Limited water resources
Adequate habitat space Inadequate habitat space
Ability to withstand diseases Inability to withstand diseases
Very little predation or good ability to escape High level of predation or inability to successfully
predators avoid predators
High reproductive rates Low reproductive rates
Generally stable abiotic conditions Generally unstable abiotic conditions
October 1, 2011:
7 Billionth person
born!
Human Population growth trend
What are the reasons for this trend?
Population Growth Theories
• Marxists: Poverty is the result of distribution problems, not
overpopulation (i.e., the haves versus the have-nots)
• Malthusians: Population growth, which is exponential, is limited by
growth in the food supply, which is arithmetic.
Why study Demography?
Demographic Transition Model
Demographics
• Age & sex structure
• Fertility, mortality and lifespan
• Immigration and emigration
Demographics
Demographics
Factors that affect growth rate
• Fertility
• Age Distribution
• Migration
Fertility
• Fertility rate—number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age
per year (ages 15-49)
• Age-specific fertility rate—number of live births per 1,000 women of a
specific age group per year
• Total fertility rate—average number of children a woman will bear
throughout her life, based on the current age-specific fertility rate and
assuming the current birth rate will remain constant throughout her
life
• Replacement fertility rate—fertility rate needed to ensure that each
set of parents is replaced by their offspring
Factors affecting population growth
• Culture
• Religion
• Social and economic status of women
• Availability of pension schemes
• Level of affluence
• Economic Development
Population Control Methods
• Direct population control
• Anti-natalist policies
• Pro-natalist policies
Population Control Methods
• Indirect population Control
Calculating changes in demographic
characteristics
• Population growth rate:

(births-deaths)+/- net migration


X 100
Total population

*Natural increase- birth rate- death rate


10
• 2008- N- 109,450
• 2009- N-
• D-
• NET MIGRATION-

• RATE OF GROWTH- 0.8%


Percentage increase in population
P1 + (B-D) + (I- E)= P2

P1- Early population


P2- Later population
B- Births
D- Deaths
I= Immigration
E- Emigration
Fertility Rate
number of births
X 1000
number of women aged 15-49

Number of births to women in a particular age group


X 1000
Number of women in that particular age group
Migration rate
number of immigrants – number of emigrants
X1000
total population
• N-110,326
• B- 2183
• # of women –
Crude birth rate
number of births
X 1000
Total population
Crude death rate
number of deaths
X 1000
Total population

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