Lesson 6:

Referencing and
Note-Taking Skills
P U R P O S I V E C O M M U N I C AT I O N
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MIDWIFERY
1-A
GROUP 6
ESSENTIALS OF
DOCUMENTING SOURCES:
Proper documentation of all borrowed ideas, information, concepts,
arguments, or information for your research and other academic
writings is very important. This is done through citations which
serves the following purposes:

1. To avoid plagiarism
2. To make paper more scholarly
3. To help your target audience identify your
original source
T W O F O R M S O F C I TAT I O N S

1.In text citations

• Author's last name, year of publication, and page number
(for direct quotes).
• Appears within the text.
• APA Style: (Smith, 2020, p. 45)

2. Reference Citation
• Complete bibliographic details (author, year, title,
publisher).
• Appears in the reference list at the end of the paper.
• APA Style: Smith, J. (2020). The Art of Research.
HarperCollins.
C I TAT I O N S T Y L E G U I D E S

1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association (APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. They
The Chicago Manual ofrules
provide standardized Style
for writing and formatting documents, including how to cite
sources in various disciplines. Each guide is tailored to specific fields of study:

IEEE
APA Style: MLA Style: AMA Style: Chicago Style:
Style:

Psychology, education, nursing,

Engineerin Reference books, non-academic
hotel and restaurant Medicine, health
Literature, arts, and g and periodicals (e.g., newspaper,
management, business, sciences, and other
the humanities technical magazines, and journal, among
economics and other social fiels natural sciences
other)
sciences
I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
1.APA, 6 th edition (pp169-
179)
Basic
Rules
A. FOR SINGLE AUTHOR, FOLLOW AUTHOR-YEAR FORMAT
Examples:
• According to Johnson (2022), the integration of holistic practices in midwifery has
significantly improved patient outcomes.
• Midwifery practices have evolved significantly over the past decade (Jones, 2020,
p. 112).

B. FOR TWO AUTHORS, USE “&” INSIDE THE PARENTHESES.

EXAMPLES:
• According to Davis and Lee (2021), the importance of breastfeeding education in
midwifery cannot be overstated.
• Comprehensive prenatal care is crucial for positive birth outcomes (Smith &
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
C. FOR MULTIPLE AUTHORS, USE PRIMARY AUTHOR, FOLLOWED BY ET AL.
Examples:
• According to Green et al. (2020), there are recent studies highlight the importance
of continuous support during labor
• Recent studies highlight the importance of continuous support during labor (Green
et al., 2020, p. 78)

d. WHEN USING A LESS THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.

Include quotation marks and page number.
EXAMPLES:
• According to Brown (2018), "the holistic approach in midwifery is essential for
comprehensive care" (p. 56).
• "Midwifery practices need to be adaptable to different cultural contexts" (Smith,
2020, p. 45).
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
E. WHEN USING MORE THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.
Indent the quote, no quotation marks, and include page number at the end. Should
be in a new line, intended 1.5 inches from the left margin.
Example:
• In a detailed study, Green (2021) emphasizes:
The integration of midwifery-led care models has shown a reduction in
intervention rates, improved patient satisfaction, and better health outcomes
for mothers and infants. These models prioritize personalized and continuous
care, which is pivotal in addressing the unique needs of each patient (p. 67).
I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
2. MLA Handbook, 7 th Edition (Chapter 6) and MLA style Manual, 3rd
Edition
Basic
Rules
A. FOR SINGLE AUTHOR, FOLLOW AUTHOR-PAGE FORMAT
Examples:
• Sipacio claimed that the MLA style is required for students majoring in the
humanties (54).
• MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).

B. FOR TWO AUTHORS, USE “&” INSIDE THE PARENTHESES.

EXAMPLES:
• Sipacio and Barrot claimed that the MLA style is required for students majoring in
the humanities (54).
• MLA style is required for students majoring in the humanities (Sipacio & Barrot
54).
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
C. FOR MULTIPLE AUTHORS, USE PRIMARY AUTHOR, FOLLOWED BY ET AL.
Examples:
• Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is required for students majoring in the
humanities (54).
• MLA style is required for students majoring in the humanities (Sipacio et al. 54).

d. WHEN USING A LESS THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.

Include quotation marks and page number. Notice the use of “qtd. In” translated as
“quoted in” in third example.
EXAMPLES:
• Sipacio claimed that “beginner’s found the MLA style guide as too complex” (56).
• As Sipacio claimed “beginner’s found the APA style guide as too complex” (56).
• He claimed that “beginner’s found the APA style guide as too complex” (qtd. In
Sipacio 56). Because of several factors.
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
E. WHEN USING MORE THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.
Unlike the APA style, the spacing for the direct quote in the MLA style s single-spaced.
Example:
In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access”
Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate
economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (5) high inflation
during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and
persistent levels of inequality (income and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty (2).
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
3. IEEE Editorial Style Manual (p 34)
Basic
A. Rules
FOR SINGLE AUTHOR, FOLLOW AUTHOR-REFERENCE NUMBER METHOD
REFERENCE NUMBER IS A NUMBER IN WHICH THE REFERENCE FIRST CITED IN THE
TEXT. WHEN THE SAME REFERENCE IS CITED LATER, ONLY THE SAME NUMBER IS USED.
Examples:
• Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for engineering students
majors [1].
• There are reasons why beginners argued that the IEEE style is complex.[1]

B. FOR TWO AUTHORS, USE “&” INSIDE THE BRACKETS.

EXAMPLES:
• Sipacio and Barrot claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for engineering
students majors. [1]
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
C. FOR MULTIPLE AUTHORS, USE PRIMARY AUTHOR, FOLLOWED BY ET AL.
Examples:
• Sipacio, at al claimed that the IEEE style guide is required for engineering student’s
majors [1].
• IEEE style guide is required for engineering students majors (Sipacio et al. [1]

d. WHEN USING A LESS THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.

Notice the use of single quotation marks.
EXAMPLES:
• Sipacio claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex.[1]
• As Sipacio claims “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex” [1]

E. WHEN USING MORE THAN 40- WORD DIRECT QUOTE.

Single spacing is used. Reduce the font size.
Example:
I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N

In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access” Scheliz
(2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate economic growth for
the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in
employment generation and the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure to fully develop
the agriculture sector (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high levels of
population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of inequality (income and assets),
which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks
and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and
environmental
poverty [1 p. 2].
I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
4. AMA Manual of Style 10 th edition, (Section1, Part 3)
Basic
Rules
A. USE A NUMBER WHEN YOU CITE A SOURCE.
PLACE IT BY MEANS OF SUPERSCRIPT AFTER THE PERIOD OF SENTENCE. THE NUMBER
SHOULD BE BASED ON THE SEQUENCE NUMBER OF THAT REFERENCE IN THE
REFERENCE LIST PAGE. NOTICE THE ABSENCE OF AUTHOR’S NAME.
Examples:
• AMA style is required for health science student majors.

B. WHEN TWO ARTICLES OF DIFFERENT AUTHORS ARE CITED, USE A COMMA

TO SEPARATE REFERENCE 1 AND 2.
EXAMPLES:
• AMA style is required for health science student majors.
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
C. WHEN USING DIRECT QUOTE THAT IS LESS THAN FOUR LINES
Enclose it with quotation marks. Use a reference number by means of superscript, which
appears after the closed quotation mark.
Examples:
• “Beginners found the AMA style guide as too complex

d. WHEN USING DIRECT QUOTE OF MORE THAN FOUR LINES

SHOULD USE A BLOCK qUOTATION THAT IS INDENTED, SINGLE SPACED, AND FONT STYLE
SIMILAR TO THE REST OF THE TEXT. USE REFERENCE NUMBER BY MEANS OF
SUPERSCRIPT, WHICH APPEARS AT THE END OF THE QUOTE AFTER THE PERIOD.
EXAMPLES:
In this article” Poverty in the Philippines: Income Assets and Access”
Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate
economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
 I N -T E X T C I T A T I O N
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (5) high inflation
during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and
persistent levels of inequality (income and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to
risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty. 3

R E F E R E N C E C I TAT I O N S
1. APA 6TH EDITION

GENERAL RULE

●Place this section on a new page separate from the text of your writing: label this page “References”
centers at the top of the page (do not boldface,underline, or use quotation marks for the title).
●Apply
margin. hanging indentation. That means the lines after the first one should be indented from the left

●Double-space all texts just like the rest of the paper.

●Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author; last name then the initial of the first name
including the middle initial.

●Arrange the references in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author of each work.

●Use a capitalization in all content words I academic journal titles.

●Capitalize only the first letter of the first word a title, the first letter of the first word of its subtitle after a
colon, and proper nouns.

●Italicize the titles. When the article is used, italicize only the journal title.

●Remove hyperlink of the URL for online sources.

●Place a period at the end of the entry for print sources only

●Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.

 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING

A. ARTICLES FROM AN ONLINE JOURNAL

If the article has been assigned with a digital object identifier (DOI) then you should indicate it. Otherwise, use
the URL of the article preceded by a signal phrase “Retrieval From”. Include volume number, issue number
enclosed in parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.

Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume Number(Issue
Number), Page Numbers. URL
Example: Smith, J. A. (2020). Advances in midwifery care: A review. Journal of Midwifery Studies, 10(2), 123-
134. https://doi.org/10.1234/jms.v10i2.5678
 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING

B. BOOK SECTION
INCLUDE PAGE NUMBER/S AND PLACE IT AT THE END OF THE ENRTY.
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Editor's Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of
the book (pp. Page Numbers). Publisher.
Example: Brown, L. M. (2018). Holistic approaches in midwifery. In R. Green (Ed.), Comprehensive midwifery
care (pp. 89-102). Health Press

C. BOOKS

Two authors Multiple authors (with seven

Single author authors)

Example: Examples: Examples:

●Smith, L. (2018). Holistic ●Johnson, R., & Brown, M. (2017). ●Taylor, S. et al (2019).
midwifery: A comprehensive Midwifery practices and principles. Innovations in midwifery care.
guide. Midwifery Press. Health and Wellness Publications. Medical Books Ltd.
D. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the paper. In E. Editor (Ed.),
Proceedings of the Conference (pp. Page Numbers). Publisher. DOI (if available)
Example: Taylor, M. (2021). Innovations in midwifery practice. In P. White (Ed.),
Proceedings of the International Midwifery Conference (pp. 45-57). Tech Conference
Publications. https://doi.org/10.1234/imc.v1.2021

E. INTERNET SOURCES
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of web page. Site
Name. URL
Example: Johnson, L. (2020, May 10). Midwifery practices around the world. Global
Midwifery Network. https://www.globalmidwiferynetwork.org/practices
F. JOURNAL ARTICLES

Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in
parenthesis (if available), and page number/s.
Single author
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal,
Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Numbers.
Example: Smith, J. A. (2020). Advances in midwifery care: A review. Journal of Midwifery
Studies, 10(2), 123-134.
Two authors
Format: First Author's Last Name, First Initial., & Second Author's Last Name, First
Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume Number(Issue Number),
Page Numbers.
Example: Johnson, L. M., & Brown, P. R. (2019). The role of midwives in maternal
healthcare. International Journal of Women's Health, 15(4), 87-98.
Multiple authors
Format: First Author's Last Name, First Initial., Second Author's Last Name, First Initial.,
& Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal,
Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Numbers.
Example: Taylor, S. A., Lee, K. T., & Williams, J. D. (2018). Innovations in midwifery
practice: Integrating holistic care. Midwifery Journal, 22(3), 145-158.
G. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A personal interview should not appear in the reference list but should be cited in text.
Examples:
· S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30, 2014)
· (S. Tabiola, personal communication, November 30, 2014)

H. SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Yeara). Title of the first work. Publisher.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Yearb). Title of the second work. Publisher.
Example:
• Smith, A. (2020a). Midwifery care essentials. Health Press. Smith, A. (2020b).
Advanced practices in midwifery. Medical Books.
• · Barrot, J. S. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading
comprehension. 3L: The southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies.
Retrieved from http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf
I. THESIS AND DISSERTATION
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the thesis or dissertation
(Unpublished master's thesis or doctoral dissertation). Institution Name.
Example: Garcia, M. (2019). The role of midwives in rural healthcare (Unpublished
master's thesis). University of Midwifery Studies.
 R E F E R E N C E C I TAT I O N
2. MLA Handbook, 8th Edition
GENERAL RULE

●Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this “Work/s Cited” centered at the top of
the page do not boldface, underline, or use quotation marks for the title).

●Just like in the APA format, apply hanging indentation. That means line after the first one should be indented
from the left margin.

●All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.

●List the entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for entire edited collections, or anthologies, write
the editor’s name). Write the last name of the author followed by his/her first name; if the middle name or initial is
available, indicate it and it should follow the first name

●Italicize the titles.

●Capital the first letters of all content ords in the tiles.

R E F E R E N C E C I TAT I O N

GENERAL RULE

⚫You may or you may not include the URL. However if you include the URL, enclosed it in brackets and end it in a
period

⚫Place a period at the end of all entries.

⚫Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash to indicate page range.

 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING
A. ARTICLES FROM AN ONLINE JOURNAL
INCLUDE VOLUME AND NUMBER OF JOURNAL. INCLUDE THE DO IF THERE IS ANY.
Examples:
●Barrot, Jessie. “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the
Postmethod Era: Contronting Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The Asia-Pacific
Education Researcher, vol. 23, no. 3, 2013.
●Guthrine, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in experimental based online
courses. Journal of Educators Online, vol. 7, no. 2, 2010.

B. BOOK SECTIONS
Example::
⚫Kojima, Michikazu. Ed. 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Protect Report 2009-10,
Jakarta: ERIA, 2010 pp. 40-70
 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING
C. BOOKS
SINGLE AUTHOR
Example:
●Friedman, Thomas Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green revolution- and how it can renew America.
NY: Picador, 2009.

Two authors
Examples:
●Dryzek, John and Patrick Dunleavy. Theories of the democratic state. NH: Palgrave Macmillan., 2009.
Multiple authors (with seven authors)

D. CONFERENCE PROCEEDING
Example:
⚫Sipacio, Philippine John, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste initiatives in Philippines cities: A policy
review with recommendations for innovation and sustainability”. Proceedings of the 2nd Hong Kong
International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society. 2013.
 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING
E. INTERNET SOURCES
Example:
⚫OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab (n.d.) APA style. REtrived from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10
F. JOURNAL ARTICLES
Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in parenthesis (if available), and page
number/s.
Single author
Example:
●Magno, Carlo. “The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical thinking”. Metacognition Learning, vol. 5,
2010, pp. 137-156.
Two authors
Example:
●Barrot, Jessie and Kristine de Leon. “Accuracy order of the grammatical morphemes in the oral production of
preschool pupils”. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 63-76.
 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING
Multiple authors
Examples:
●Barrios, Aireen et al. “Investigating the relationship between college student’s self-perception and actual
performance in reading and in writing”. Vol.11, 2013, p. 23.Philippine ESL Journal.

G. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A personal interview or e-mail should not appear in the
Same author in the same year
reference list but should be cited in text.

●Barrot, Jessie. “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a

Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the Postmethod Era:
●In a personal interview dated November 8, 2014. S. Contronting Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative
Tabiola stated that Approach,” The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, vol. 23, no. 3,
2013, pp. 435-439.

●Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading

comprehension. 3L: The southeast Asian Journal of English
●S. Tabiola (phone interview, November 8, 2014) Language Studies, vol. 19, no. 1, 2016, [
http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf].
 SOURCES MOST COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH WRITING

H. THESIS AND DISSERTATION

EXAMPLE:

●TUI, G. (2013). TOWARD AN INTERNATIONALIZATION MODEL FOR DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY

(DLSU): AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT APPROACHES IN TWO ASIAN INSTITUTIONS
(UNPUBLISHED DOCTORAL DISSERTATION). DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, MANILA, 2013. PRINT
3. IEEE EDITORIAL STYLE MANUAL, 2014
GENERAL RULE

• Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this “References” centered at the top of the page
do not boldface, underline, or use quotation marks for the title).

• Do not apply hanging indentation unlike in APA and MLA format.

• Single space all texts.

• List the entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for entire edited collections or anthologies write
the editor names). Author names are written first name (initial only) – Last name.

• Do not cut the title or add words to it..

• Enclose the titles with quotation marks.

• Use capitalization in all content words in the titles.

• Include the article’s URL if it has been assigned with a DOI.

• Place a period at the end of all entries.

• Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash to indicate a page range.

SOURCES
A. ARTICLES FROM AN ONLINE JOURNAL
INCLUDE VOLUME AND NUMBER OF JOURNAL. INCLUDE THE DO IF THERE IS ANY.
Examples:
• J. Barrot, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the
postmethod Era: Confronting Challenges through sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The Asia-
Pacific Education Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4. 2013.
• K. Guthrine and H. McCraken, Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in experimental based online
courses,” Journal of Educators Online. [Online] vol. 7, (no. 2) pp 1-21. Available:
http://ww.thejeo.com/Achieves/Volume7/Number2/GuthriePaper.pdf 2010.
B. BOOK SECTIONS
Example:
• L. Antonio, “Study on Recyclables Collection Trends and Best Practices in the Philippines” in 3R
Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Project Report 2009-10 M. Kojima, Ed., Jakarta:
ERIA, 2010, pp. 40-70.
C. BOOKS
SINGLE AUTHOR
Example:
• T. Friedman, Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green revolution- and how it can renew America. NY:
Picador, 2009
Two authors
Example:
• J. Dryzek, J. and P. Dunleavy. Theories of the democratic state. NH: Palgrave Macmillan., 2009.
Multiple authors (with seven authors)
Example:
• S. Plata, et al., Research, process and product workbook. Trailblazers Publication. 2006
D. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Example:
• P. Sipacio, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste initiatives in Philippines cities: A policy review
with recommendations for innovation and sustainability”. Proceedings of the 2 nd Hong Kong
International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society. 2013.
E. INTERNET SOURCES
Example:
• OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab, APA style. Available [https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10]
F. JOURNAL ARTICLES
Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in parenthesis (if available), and page
number/s.
Single Author
Example:
• P. Sipacio, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste initiatives in Philippines cities: A policy review with
recommendations for innovation and sustainability”. Proceedings of the 2 nd Hong Kong International
Conference on Education, Psychology and Society. 2013.
Two Authors
Example:
• J. Barrot, and K. De Leon, “Accuracy order of the grammatical morphemes in the oral production of preschool
pupils”. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 63-76. Jan. 2011.
Multiple Authors
Example:
• Barrios, et al. “Investigating the relationship between college student’s self-perception and actual performance in
G. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION INCLUDES CONVERSATIONS, LETTERS, INTERVIEW E-MAIL AND TELEPHONE
CONVERSATIONS. THESE SHOULD NOT APPEAR IN THE REFERENCE LIST BUT SHOULD BE CITED IN TEXT.
Examples:
• In a personal interview with political analyst, S. Tabiola, he suggested that ……
• S. Tabiola in a phone conversation, claimed that …..
H. SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR
Examples:
• J. Barrot, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the
Postmethod Era: Confronting Challenges Through Sociocognitive-transformative Approach,” The Asia-
Pacific Education Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4. 2013a.
• J. Barrot, “Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading comprehension. 3L: The southeast
Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Available :
[http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf].
I. THESIS AND DISSERTATION
Example:
• G. Tui, “Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle University (DLSU): An Assessment of current
4. AMA MANUAL OF STYLE, 10 TH EDITION
GENERAL RULE

• Place this on new page separate from the text of your writing; label this “References” centered at the top of the page
do not boldface, underline, or use quotation marks for the title).

• List your references based on numerical order reflecting the order of your in-text citation, not in alphabetical order.

• Single space all texts.

• Do not apply hanging indentation like in APA and MLA format.

• Single space and left justified (flush left) all texts.

• List entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for entire edited collections, editors name). Followed
by the initial of the first name of the author the initial of his/her second first name or middle name.

• Do not cut the title or add words to it.

• Use capitalization in all content words in the titles.

• Place a period at the end of all entries.

• Provide page numbers of sources. Use an en dash in a span of pages.

SOURCES
A. ARTICLES FROM AN ONLINE JOURNAL
INCLUDE VOLUME AND NUMBER OF JOURNAL. INCLUDE THE
DO IF THERE IS ANY.
Examples:
• Barrot, J “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as
a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the postmethod
Era: Confronting Challenges through sociocognitive-
transformative Approach,” The Asia- Pacific Education
Researcher, Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4. Accessed
November 8, 2014.
• Guthrine K, and H. McCraken H. Reflective pedagogy:
Making meaning in experimental based online courses,”
Journal of Educators Online. [Online] vol. 7, (no. 2) pp 1-
21. Available:
 Summarizing Vs. Paraphrasing Vs.
Quoting
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING QUOTING

●Does not match the source ●Does not match the source
word for word word for word
●Involves putting the main
●Involves putting a passage ●Match the source word
idea(s) into your own words,
from a source into your own for word.
focusing only on the main
words. ●Is usually a brief
point (s)
●Changes the words or segment of the text
●Presents a broad overview,
paraphrasing of a passage, but ●Appears between
which makes it usually much
retains and fully communicates quotation marks.
shorter than the original text
the original meaning Must be attributed to the
●Must be attributed to the
original source
●Must be attributed to the original source.
Is significantly than the original source
original
WHEN TO USE PARAPHRASING
• Paraphrase a text that is short in length (a one or two sentences or paragraph
with a maximum of five sentences).
• Use a paraphrasing when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation; or
rewrite the author’s words by not changing the message or use your own words
to state the authors ideas.
WHEN TO USE SUMMARIZING
• Summarize a text that has long sections (e.g., a page of chapter of a book or the
book itself; a paragraph of an essay or the essay itself.
• Use a summarizing when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation; or use
the main idea of the text and write it in your own words.
WHEN TO USE DIRECT QUOTING
• Quote a text that conveys powerful message or shows less impact if it is
paraphrased or summarized (e.g., Constitution, government documents,
philosophies, monographs or other scholarly materials).
• Use a quoting when you want to begin your discussion with the authors stand; or
highlight the author’s expertise in your claim, argument, or discussion.
E X A M P L E S T O C O M PA R E
THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE
What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or two, without
quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author. In the most serious
cases, a significant fraction of the entire work was written by someone else: the plagiarist name.,
perhaps dis some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for credit in a class (e.g.,
term paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a degree (e.g., thesis or dissertation), or as
part of a published article or book.
An Acceptable A Standard Format for Direct
A Legitimate Paraphrase
Summary Quotation

An action attributed to Plagiarism can be Standler (2012) states that

plagiarism consists of not properly defined as using ideas, plagiarism can be “the quotation of
citing the original source of ideas or data, or any relevant a sentence or two, without quotation
information from another fot information of another marks and without a citation (e.g,
scholastic or any other purposes. without giving proper footnote) to the true authoer” (p.5)
One example is replacing the name credit or
of the author with your name and acknowledgement
submitting it to comply with the (Standler, 2012)
academic requirement (Standler,
P O W E R T I P S F O R PA R A P H R A S I N G
AND SUMMARIZING
1. Decide whether to paraphrase or to summarize a text based on its length.
2. Read the text and understand the meaning it conveys. DO not stop reading
until
you understand the message conveyed by the author. Specifically for
summarizing locate the gist or main idea of the text, which can be found at the
beginning, middle, or end.
3. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key words or main idea of the text.
4. Put the text aside.
5. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you highlighted when you
read
it.
6. Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas in the text.
7. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase or summary.
8. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase or summary should have
the
P O W E R T I P S F O R PA R A P H R A S I N G
AND SUMMARIZING
10. Reread your paraphrase or summary and make it sure it reflects the idea
conveyed in the original text.
11. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of
publication,
title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL, if online). Indicating the page
number/s of the original text is not necessary in citing sources in paraphrases
or
summaries.
12.These
Format your
three paraphrase
formats are: or summary properly. You are highly encouraged
to use
• Idea Heading Format
different formats to show variety in writing.
• Author Heading
Format
• Date Heading Format
POWER TIPS FOR QUOTING
• 1. Copy exactly the part of the text Example:
that you want to use.

• 2. Use quotation marks to show the

beginning and ending of the quote.

• 3. Record the details of the orginal

source (author’s name/s, date of
publication, title, publisher, place
of publishing, URL if online, and
page number/s). Indicating the page However, when your direct quotation is
number/s is necessary in citing below 40 words, it should be presented as
sources in quoting. part of the text.

• 4. Format your quotation properly.

When your direct quotation is at least
40 words, it should be indented.
USING REPORTING VERBS
Reporting verbs are generally used to integrate your sources in the text. In using
reporting verbs, you are highly encouraged to vary your verb usage to make your writing
more interesting. In terms of what tense of the verbs indicate that the author views the
idea to be outdated and wants to negate it. The present tense of the verb indicates that
the author probably views the idea to be relevant or agreeable to him/her.

Hyland (1999) list a frequency of reporting verbs according to discipline:

BIOLOGY Describe Find Report Show Suggest Observe

MARKETING Suggest Argue Find Demonstrate Propose Show

LINGUISTICS Suggest Argue Show Explain Find Point Out

SOCIOLOGY Argue Suggest Describe Note Analyze Discuss

PHILOSOPHY Say Suggest Argue Claim Point Out Hold Think

OVERALL Suggest Argue Fine Show Describe Propose Report

 SUMMARY
REFERENCIN NOTE-TAKING
G
Referencing is essential in academic Effective note-taking enhances
writing to credit original sources, avoid learning and study efficiency.
plagiarism, and add credibility to your Techniques like mind mapping and
work. It involves citing books, articles, outlining help organize key ideas and
websites, and other sources using details. Good notes distinguish main
styles like APA, MLA, and Chicago. points from supporting information
Proper referencing helps readers verify and can include summaries and
information and supports your direct quotes. Regular review of
arguments notes improves understanding and
retention.
Thank
you!