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Chemical Equilibrium

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18 views19 pages

Chemical Equilibrium

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cedrixxx6
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMICAL

EQUILIBRIU
M
Chapter 3
 You may have inferred that chemical
reactions always progress in one direction.
 This inference is not true. Some
reactions are reversible.
A reversible reaction is one in which
the conversion of reactants to products
and the conversion of products to
reactants occur at the same time.
Here is an example of a reversible
reaction.
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)

• The first reaction is called the forward reaction.


• The second reaction is called the reverse
reaction.
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
•The two equations can be combined into
one using a double arrow.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
The double arrow tells you that the reaction is
reversible.
Establishing Equilibrium
•When the rates of the forward
and reverse reactions are equal,
the reaction has reached a state of
balance called chemical
equilibrium.
Conditions at Equilibrium
•Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state.

When the store Equilibrium is


opens, only the reached when
forward the rate at
reaction which
occurs as shoppers move
shoppers from the first
head to the floor to the
second floor. second is equal to the rate at
which shoppers move from the
second floor to the first.
Why is equilibrium considered to be
a dynamic state?
Both the forward and reverse reactions are
constantly taking place, but their rates are
equal, so no net change occurs in the
concentrations of the products or
reactants.
Chemists express the equilibrium position as
a numerical value.
• This value relates the amounts of
reactants to products at equilibrium.

aA + bB cC + dD

• In this general reaction, the coefficients a,


b, c, and d represent the number of moles.
•The equilibrium constant (Kc) is the ratio of product
concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium.

aA + bB cC + dD
• From the general equation, each concentration is
raised to a power equal to the number of moles of that
substance in the balanced chemical equation.

[C]c x [D]d
Kc = [A]a x [B]b
Expressing and Calculating Kc
The colorless gas dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and the
brown gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exist in equilibrium
with each other.

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
A liter of the gas mixture at equilibrium contains 0.0045 mol of
N2O4 and 0.030 mol of NO2 at 10oC. Write the expression for
the equilibrium constant (Kc) and calculate the value of the
constant for the reaction.
1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknowns.
Modify the general expression for the equilibrium constant
and substitute the known concentrations to calculate Kc.

KNOWNS UNKNOWN
[N2O4] = 0.0045 mol/L Kc (algebraic expression) = ?
[NO2] = 0.030 mol/L Kc (numerical value) = ?
2 Calculate Solve for the unknowns.
• Start with the general expression for the
equilibrium constant.
[C]c x [D]d Place the concentration of the
Kc = [A]a x [B]b product in the numerator and the
concentration of the reactant in
the denominator. Raise each
concentration to the power equal
• Write the equilibrium constant to its coefficient in the chemical
expression for this reaction. equation.

[NO2]2
Kc = [N2O2]
2 Calculate Solve for the unknowns.

Substitute the concentrations that are known and


calculate Keq.

(0.030 mol/L)2 0.0009 mol/L


Keq = 0.0045 mol/L = 0.0045 mol/L

Keq = 0.20 mol/L = 0.20


You can ignore the unit
mol/L; chemists report
equilibrium constants
without a stated unit.
Practice Exercises
1. Write the equilibrium expression of Kc and Kp
for the following reaction.
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) Kc = [NH3]2
N-2 N-[N2]
1 [H2]3
H-2 H-
3
2
2
K [NH ]2
2. Nitrogen reacts with chlorine to produce
nitrogen trichloride. At equilibrium, the
concentrations of each gas were found to be [N2]=
0.15M, [Cl2]= 0.25M, and [NCl3]= 0.50M.
Calculate the value of equilibrium constant Kc.
N2(g) + Cl2(g) NCl3(g)

N2(g) + 3Cl2(g) 2NCl3(g)


Kc = [NCL3]2 = [0.50M]2 = 107
[N2] [0.15M]
[Cl2]3 [0.25M]3
3. At equilibrium, a mixture contained 0.235M
[CO2], 0.399M [H2], 0.115M [CO], and 0.210M
[H2O]. Calculate Kc.
C02 + H2 CO +
H20 Kc = [0.115M] [0.210M]
[0.235M] [0.399M]
= 0. 02415
0.093765
= 0.26
4. A reaction mixture initially contains 0.25M [CO] and
0.400M [O2]. At equilibrium, the concentration of [CO2] is
0.15M. Calculate Kc.
CO + O2 K c = [0.15M]
CO2
2

2CO + O2 2CO2 [0.1M]


I 0.25M 0.400M [0.325M]
I 0
= 6.92
C -2x -x
C +2x
[CO2] = 2x =[CO] = 0.25M -2x [O2] = 0.400M –x
E E 0.25M -2x 0.400M –x
0.15 = 0.25M - = 0.400M -
2x
2 2(0.075M) 0.075M
2 = 0.25M – = 0.325M
5. 20mol of NOCl is placed inside an empty 4L container.
At equilibrium, 8.00mol of Cl2 was found to be in the
container. Calculate the value of Kc for this reaction. →
K = [4M] 2
[2M]
Molarity NOCl NO + Cl2
c

= mol of solute
2NOCl 2NO + Cl2 [1M]2

L of solution
= [16M] [2M]
I 5M 0
0
I [1M]
C -2x +2x = 32
C +x
[Cl2] = x = [NO] = 2x [NOCl] = 5M -2x
EE 5M -2x
8.00mol =2(2M) = 5M - 2(2M)
2x x
= 4M = 5M – 4M
4L
= 1M
6. The initial pressures of SO2, O2, and SO3 are
0.286 atm, 0.414 atm, and 1.28 atm respectively,
Kp = 86.1. Determine if the reaction is at
equilibrium. If not, which direction will the reaction
shift? Q = Kp
If,
SO2 + O2
Q › Kp
SO3 = left
Q = [SO3] 2
2SO2 + O2 Q ‹ Kp
2SO3 [SO2]2 [O2] So, = right

= [1.28 atm] 2 = Q = 48.4 ‹ Kp =


48.4 86.1
[0.286 atm]2 [0.414
reaction shifts to

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