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Computer Codes

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41 views21 pages

Computer Codes

Uploaded by

Angaad 0516
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Codes

outline
Alphanumeric Codes
◦ ASCII

Gray Codes
Human perception
We naturally live in a base 10 environment
Computer exist in a base 2 environment
So give the computer/digital system the task of doing the conversions
for us.
Binary Codes
“An n-bit binary code is a group of n bits that assume up to 2n distinct
combinations of 1s and 0s, with each combination representing one
element of the set being coded”

For the 10 digits need a 4 bit code. One code is called Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD)
Decimal and BCD
The BCD is simply the 4 bit representation of
the decimal digit.
For multiple digit base 10 numbers, each
symbol is represented by its BCD digit
What happened to 6 digits not used?
BCD operation
Consider the following BCD operation
◦ Decimal: Add 4 + 1
◦ Covert to binary 0 1 0 0
◦ And 0001
◦ Getting 0101
◦ Which is still a BCD representation of a decimal digit
Another
A second example
◦ 3 0011
◦ +3 0011
◦ Getting 6 or 0110
◦ And in range and a BCD digit representation
And now
Consider 5 + 5
5 0101
+5 0101
giving 1 0 1 0 which is binary 10 but not a BCD digit!
What to do?
Try adding 6??
Adding 6
Had 1010 and want to add 6 or 0110
◦ so 1010
◦ plus 6 0110
◦ Giving 10000

Or a carry out to the next binary digit, or if the binary in BCD, the next
BCD digit.
Another carry example
Add 7 + 6
◦ have 7 0111
◦ plus 6 0110
◦ Giving 1 1 0 1 and again out of range
◦ Adding 6 0 1 1 0
◦ Giving 1 0 0 1 1 so a 1 carries out to the next BCD digit
◦ FINAL BCD answer 0001 0011 or 1310
Multibit BCD
Add the BCD for 417 to 195
Would expect to get 612
◦ BCD setup - start with Least Significant Digit
◦ 0100 0001 0111
◦ 0001 1001 0101
◦ 1100
◦ Adding 6 0110
◦ Gives 1 0010
Continuing multibit
Had a carry to the 2nd BCD digit position
◦ 1
◦ 0100 0001 done
◦ 0001 1001 0010
◦ 1011
◦ Again must add 6 0110
◦ Giving 1 0001
◦ And another carry
Still Continuing multibit
Had a carry to the 3rd BCD digit position
◦ 1
◦ 0 1 0 0 done done
◦ 0001 0001 0010
◦ 0110
◦ And answer is 0110 0001 0010 or the BCD for the base 10 number 612
Alphanumeric Codes
How do you handle alphanumeric data?
Easy answer!
Formulate a binary code to represent characters! 
For the 26 letter of the alphabet would need 5 bit for representation.
But what about the upper case and lower case, and the digits, and
special characters
A code called ASCII
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
The code uses 7 bits to encode 128 unique characters
Reference the textbook, pg. 27, for a table of the ASCII code
As a note, formally, work to create this code began in 1960. 1 st
standard in 1963. Last updated in 1986.
ASCII Code
Represents the numbers
◦ All start 011 xxxx and the xxxx is the BCD for the digit

Represent the characters of the alphabet


◦ Start with either 100, 101, 110, or 111
◦ A few special characters are in this area

Start with 010 – space and !”#$%&’()*+.-,/


Start with 000 or 001 – control char like ESC
ASCII Example
Encoding of 123
◦ 011 0001 011 0010 011 0011

Encoding of Joanne
◦ 100 1010 110 1111 110 0001
◦ 110 1110 110 1110 110 0101

Note that these are 7 bit codes


Other Character Codes
Once upon a time, a long, long time ago, there existed cards, called
punch cards!
◦ And a code for those cards called Hollerith code. (patented in 1889)
◦ The code told you what character was being represented in a column when
there was a punch out in various rows of that column.

And another code for characters called EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code) (1963, 1964 IBM) - similar to ASCII –
◦ Digits are coded F0 through F9 in EBCDIC
Gray Codes
When you count up or down in binary, the number of bit that change
with each digit change varies.
◦ From 0 to 1 just have a single but
◦ From 1 to 2 have 2 bits, a 1 to 0 transition and a 0 to 1 transition
◦ From 7 to 8 have 3 bits changing back to 0 and 1 bit changing to a 1

For some applications multiple bit changes cause significant problems.


Gray Code
Contrast of bit changes
◦ Val Bin Chg Gray Chg
◦ 0 000 000
◦ 1 001 1 001 1
◦ 2 010 2 011 1
◦ 3 011 1 010 1
◦ 4 100 3 110 1
◦ 5 101 1 111 1
◦ 6 110 2 101 1
◦ 7 111 1 100 1
◦ 0 000 3 000 1
Class 3 assignment
Covered sections 1-5 and 1-6
Problems for hand in
◦ 1-22, 1-23

Problems for practice


◦ 1-25, 1-26

Reading for next class: sections 2-1 and 1st 3 pages of 2-2

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