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2 - Concrete Fundamentals

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24 views38 pages

2 - Concrete Fundamentals

Uploaded by

Rajih Ramadan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF CONCRETE

Definition
 The word Concrete comes from the
Latin verb “Concretus” which means
to grow together.

 Concrete is a composite material


that literally forms the basis of our
modern society.
Concrete making
materials
 Cement
 Water
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse
Aggregate
Range in Proportions
Advantages of Reducing
Water Content:
 Increased strength
 Lower permeability
 Increased resistance to weathering
 Better bond between concrete and
reinforcement
 Reduced drying shrinkage and cracking
 Less volume change from wetting and
drying
Workability

- that property of freshly mixed


concrete that determines its working
characteristics, i.e. the ease with which
it can be mixed, placed, compacted and
finished.
Cross Section of Hardened
Concrete

Concrete made
with siliceous
rounded gravel

Concrete made
with crushed
limestone
Factors Affecting
Workability
 Method and duration of transportation
 Quantity and characteristics of cementing
materials
 Concrete consistency (slump)
 Aggregate grading, shape & surface
texture
 % entrained air
 Water content
 Concrete & ambient air temperature
 Admixtures
Effect of Casting Temperature
on Slump
Bleeding and Settlement
Effect of Voids in Concrete on Modulus of
Elasticity, Compressive Strength, and Flexural
Strength
Hydration Heat of Hydration

─ is the chemical ─ is the heat given


reaction between off during the
the cement and chemical reaction
water in which as the cement
new compounds hydrates.
with strength
producing
properties are
formed.
Curing
─ maintenance of a satisfactory moisture
content and temperature in concrete for
a suitable period of time immediately
following placing & finishing so that the
desired properties may develop.
 Time
 Temperature
 Moisture
Effect of Curing on Strength
Development
Effect of Casting and Curing
Temperature on Strength
Development
Concrete Strength Gain Versus Time
for Concrete Exposed to Outdoor
Conditions
Compressive Strength
— is defined as the measured maximum
resistance of a concrete or mortar
specimen to an axial load, usually
expressed in MPa (psi) at an age of 28-
days.
 Most general use concrete 20 to 40 MPa
(3000 to 6000 psi)
 High-strength concrete by definition 70
MPa or greater (10000 psi or greater)
Compressive Strength
Test Specimen Sizes
 Mortar — 50 mm (2 in.) cubes

 Concrete
- 150 x 300 mm (6 x 12 in.) cylinders
- 150x150mm cubes
- 200x200mm cubes
Strength Development of
Concretes in Percent of 28-Day
Strength
Ratios — W/CM and W/C
Water-cementing materials ratio (w/cm)
 is ratio of mass of water to mass of cementing

materials in a concrete mix expressed as a


decimal. The water is exclusive to that absorbed
by the aggregate.

Water-cement ratio (w/c)


 is ratio of mass of water to mass of

cement in a concrete mix expressed as a


decimal.
Typical Relationships of
Strength to W/C-Ratio
Approximations of Concrete
Strengths

Compressive strength ( ƒc′ )
7-day — 75% of 28-day
56 and 90-day — 10% - 15% > 28-day

 Flexural Strength ( Modulus of


Rupture)
normal density — 8% - 12% of ƒc′
 Tensile Strength
direct tensile — 8% -12% of ƒc′
splitting tensile — 8% -14% of ƒc′
Observed Average Density of
Fresh Concrete

Density, kg/m3
Relative density of
aggregate
Maximum
size of
aggregat Water Cemen 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75
e, Air, , t,
mm % kg/m3 kg/m3
219 222 225 229 232
19 6.0 168 336
4 7 9 1 3
225 229 233 237 240
37.5 4.5 145 291
9 1 9 1 3
E and Density—Approx.
Values
 Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
normal concrete — 14,000 to 41,000 MPa
(2 to 6 million psi)
 Density
 normal concrete — 2200 to 2400 kg/m3
(137 to 150 lb/ft3)
 reinforced concrete — 2400 kg/m3 (150 lb/ft3)
 low density insulating concrete — as little as
240 kg/m3 (15lb/ft3)
 high density concrete — up to 6000 kg/m3 (375
lb/ft3) (radiation shielding, counterweights)
Water tightness /
Permeability
 Water tightness
— the ability of concrete to hold back or
retain water without visible leakage.

 Permeability
— amount of water migration through
concrete when the water is under pressure
or the ability of concrete to resist
penetration by water or other substances
(liquids, gas, ions, etc.)
Relationship between Hydraulic
Permeability, W/C-Ratio, and Initial
Curing
Effect of W/C-Ratio and Curing
Duration on Permeability of
Mortar
Effect of Compressive Strength and
Aggregate Type on the Abrasion Resistance
of Concrete
Specimens Subjected to 150
Cycles of Freezing and
Thawing
 Non-air-entrained
 High water-cement
ratio

 Air-entrained
 Low water-cement
ratio
Alkali- Aggregate Reactivity
(AAR )
 — is a reaction between the active
mineral constituents of some aggregates
and the sodium and potassium alkali
hydroxides and calcium hydroxide in the
concrete.

 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

 Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR )


Alkali-Silica Reactivity
(ASR)
 Control ASR with:
 Fly ash
 Slag
 Calcined clay
 Blended cement
 Limit concrete
alkali content
 Test for
effectiveness
Corroded Steel Due to
Carbonation
Methods to Reduce Corrosion
of Embedded Steel by
Chlorides
 Use low w/cm ratio concrete
 Moist cure
 Reduce permeability with SCM’s
 Increase concrete cover
 Corrosion inhibitors
 Epoxy-coated reinforcing steel
 Concrete overlays
 Surface treatments
 Cathodic protection
Reducing Corrosion by Chlorides
Using Epoxy-Coated Rebars
Sulfate Attack

 Use low w/c

 Use sulfate
resistant
cement
Concrete Beams After Seven Years of
Exposure to Sulfate-Rich Wet Soil
Concrete Exposed to
Seawater
Thank you !!

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