Fuzzy Relations

Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 2 / 64

Soft Computing Applications

 Crisp
relations

To understand the fuzzy relations, it is better to discuss first crisp

relation.
Suppose, A and B are two (crisp) sets. Then Cartesian product
denoted as A × B is a collection of order pairs, such that
A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B }
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 3 / 64

Note :
(1) A × B ƒ= B × A
(2) |A × B| = |A| × |B|
(3)A × B provides a mapping from a ∈ A to b ∈ B.

The mapping so mentioned is called a relation.

Soft Computing Applications

 Crisp
relations
Example 1:
Consider the two crisp sets A and B as given below. A = { 1, 2, 3,
4}
B = {3, 5, 7 } .
Then, A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3,
(3, (3,
3), 7), 5),
(4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7 ) }
Let us define a relation R as R = {(a, b)|b = a + 1, (a, b) ∈ A
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) ×B} 06.02.2018 4 / 64

Then, R = {(2, 3), (4, 5 ) } in this case.

We can represent the relation R in a matrix form as follows.
3 5 7
 
1 00 0
R=
2
 10 0 
3  00 0 
4 01 0

Soft Computing Applications

 Operations on crisp
relations
Suppose, R(x, y ) and S(x, y ) are the two relations define over
two crisp sets x ∈ A and y ∈ B
Union:

R(x, y ) ∪ S(x, y ) = max (R(x, y ), S(x, y ));

Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur)

Intersection: 06.02.2018 5 / 64

R(x, y ) ∩ S(x, y ) = min(R(x, y ), S(x, y ));

Complement:

R(x, y ) = 1 − R(x, y )

Soft Computing Applications

 Example: Operations on crisp
relations

Example:
Suppose, R(x, y ) and S(x, y ) are the two relations define over
two crisp sets x ∈ A and y ∈ B

01 0   00 
0 1 0
0 0 1 0
R =   and S =  0 1 0 0  ;
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 000 1 
06.02.2018
 0 0 10 
6 / 64

000 0 0 0 01
Find the following:
1 R∪
2 S
R∩
3 S
R

Soft Computing Applications

 Composition of two crisp
relations

Given R is a relation on X ,Y and S is another relation on Y ,Z .

Then R ◦ S is called a composition of relation on X and Z which
is defined as follows.

R ◦ S = {(x, z)|(x, y ) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ S and ∀y ∈ Y }

Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 7 / 64

Max-Min Composition
Given the two relation matrices R and S, the max-min composition is
defined as T = R ◦ S ;

T (x, z) = max {min{R(x, y ), S(y, z) and ∀y ∈ Y } }

Soft Computing Applications

 Composition:
Composition
Example:
Given
X = {1, 3, 5}; Y = {1, 3, 5}; R = {(x, y )|y = x + 2}; S =
{(x, yR)|x
Here, and<Syis}on X × Y .
Thus, we have
R = {(1, 3), (3,
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur)
5 )=
S } {(1, 3), (1, 5), (3,
06.02.2018 8 / 64

5)}
1
 1 3 5  
1 01 0 3 1
R= 3  00 1  and S=  
5 00 0 5

1 01
3 0 10 
Using max-min composition R ◦ 1 
S= 5 0 0
Soft Computing Applications
0
 Fuzzy
relations
Fuzzy relation is a fuzzy set defined on the Cartesian product of
crisp set X1, X2, ..., Xn
Here, n-tuples (x1, x2, ..., xn) may have varying degree
of memberships within the relationship.
The membership values indicate the strength of the relation
between the tuples.
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur)
Example: 06.02.2018 9 / 64

X = { typhoid, viral, cold } and Y = { running nose, high

temp,
shivering }
The fuzzy relation R is defined as

runningnose hightemperature shivering

 
typhoid 0.1 0.9 0.8
viral  0.2 0.9 0.7 
cold 0.9 0.4 0.6
Soft Computing Applications
 Fuzzy Cartesian
product

Suppose
A is a fuzzy set on the universe of discourse X with µA(x )|x ∈ X
B is a fuzzy set on the universe of discourse Y with µB (y )|y ∈
Y
Then R = A × B ⊂ X × Y ; where R has its membership function given
by µR (x, y ) = µA×B (x, y ) = min{µ A (x ), µB (y ) }
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 10 / 64

Example :
A = {(a 1 , 0.2), (a2, 0.7), (a3, 0.4)}and B = {(b 1 , 0.5), (b2,
0.6)}
 
a1 0.2b10.2 b2
R=A×B = a2  0.5 0.6 
a3 0.4 0.4

Soft Computing Applications

 Operations on Fuzzy
relations
Let R and S be two fuzzy relations on A × B.
Union:

µR∪S (a, b) = max {µ R (a, b), µS (a,

b)}
Intersection:
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 11 / 64

µR∩S (a, b) = min{µ R (a, b), µS (a, b ) }

Complement:

µR (a, b) = 1 − µR (a, b)

Composition
µR◦S = maxy ∈Y {min(µ R (x, y ), µS (y,
T =R◦ S
z))}
Soft Computing Applications
 Operations on Fuzzy relations:
Examples
Example:
X = (x1, x2, x3); Y = (y1, y2); Z = (z1, z2, z3);
y1 y2
 
R= x1
x2 0.50.2
0.10.9 
x3 0.8 0.6
z1
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Σ Σ
1
z.6
2
S= y2 z3
0.5
y 0 0.7
z2 z3z0.4
1

 0.8 0.9
0.4 0.5
x1 0.5
R◦ S= x2  0.5 0.8 0.9 
x3 0.6 0.6 0.7
µR◦S (x1, y1 ) = max {min(x 1 , y1), min(y1, z1), min(x1, y2), min(y2,
z 1 )}
= max {min(0.5, 0.6), min(0.1, 0.5)}
Soft Computing = max {0.5, 0.1} = 0.5 and
Applications
 Fuzzy relation : An
example
Consider the following two sets P and D, which represent a set of
paddy plants and a set of plant diseases. More precisely
P = {P 1 , P2, P3, P 4 } a set of four varieties of paddy plants
D = {D 1 , D2, D3, D 4 } of the four various diseases affecting the
plants
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) In addition to these, also consider another set S = {S 1 , S2, S3, S 4 }
06.02.2018 13 / 64

be the common symptoms of the diseases.

Let, R be a relation on P × D, representing which plant is susceptible
to which diseases, then
D1 RDcan
2 be
D3 stated
D4 as
 
P1 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.8
R=
P2
 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.8 
P3  0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 
P4 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.2

Soft Computing Applications

 Fuzzy relation : An
example
Also, consider T be the another relation on D × S, which is given by
S1 S2 S3 S4
 
D1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.9
S=
D2
 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 
D
3
 .0 0.0 0.5 0.9 
04
D 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.2
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur)
Obtain the association of plants with the different symptoms of the
06.02.2018 14 / 64

disease using max-min composition.

Hint: Find R ◦ T , and verify
that S1 S2 S3 S4
 
P1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9
R◦ S
P2
 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 
P3  0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 
=
P4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9

Soft Computing Applications

 Fuzzy relation : Another
example
Let, R = x is relevant to y
and S = y is relevant to z
be two fuzzy relations defined on X × Y and Y × Z , respectively,
where X = {1, 2, 3 } ,Y = {α, β, γ, δ} and Z = {a, b}.
Assume that R and S can be expressed with the following relation
matrices :
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018
α
15 / 64
β γ δ
 
1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
R=  
2 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.9
and
a
3 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.2
b
β
 0.2 0.3
 
S=  0.9
α
γ 0.5 0.6 
0.1
δ 0.7 0.2
 Fuzzy relation : Another
example
Now, we want to find R ◦ S, which can be interpreted as a
derived
fuzzy relation x is relevant to z.
Suppose, we are only interested in the degree of relevance between
2 ∈ X and a ∈ Z . Then, using max-min composition,
µR◦S (2, a) = max {(0.4 ∧ 0.9), (0.2 ∧ 0.2), (0.8 ∧ 0.5), (0.9
∧ 0.7)}= max {0.4, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7} =
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur)
0.7 06.02.2018 16 / 64
s


 2D Membership functions : Binary fuzzy
relations
(Binary) fuzzy relations are fuzzy sets A × B which map each element
in A × B to a membership grade between 0 and 1 (both inclusive).
Note that a membership function of a binary fuzzy relation can be
depicted with a 3D plot.

 (x, y)
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 17 / 64

Important: Binary fuzzy relations are fuzzy sets with two dimensional
MFs and so on.
 2D membership function : An
example

Let, X = R + = y (the positive real line)

and R = X × Y = ”y is much greater than x”
The membership function of µR (x, y ) is defined
as . (y
−x4)
if y >
µR (x, y )
0 xif y ≤
=
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 18 / 64

x
Suppose, X = {3, 4, 5 } and Y = {3, 4, 5, 6,
7}, then
3 4 5 6 7

 0.5 0.75
3 0 0.25
R= 4  0 0 1.0 
5 0 0 0.25 0.5
0.75
0 0.25
0.5
 Problems to
ponder:

How you can derive the following?

If x is A or y is B then z is C;
Given that
1
R1: If x is A then z is c [R1 ∈ A × C]
Debasis Samanta (IIT Kharagpur) 06.02.2018 19 / 64
2
R2: If y is B then z is C [R2 ∈ B × C]

Hint:

You have given two relations R1 and R2.

Then, the required can be derived using the union operation of R1
and R2
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: sonam.e11002@cumail.in