Appa Public

•Made By :
School
Omkar(12),Pratiksha(14),Resh(16),Sanjana(18),S
hreyas(20)
•Class:IX amarja
•Topic : origin of geometry

•Given By: Sangmesh Boroti Sir

 • Origins of Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with lines,
shapes, points, curves, and surfaces. The word geometry is
derived from two Greek words: geo, meaning earth, and
metrein, meaning to measure. Not one singular person
discovered geometry. Multiple people discovered aspects and
concepts that helped evolve and grow our knowledge of
geometry over time, starting with ancient ages to current,
modern times.
Geometry started with the need to measure shapes. In Egypt,
the Pharaoh wanted to tax crop growers who grew their crops
by the Nile River. To calculate the tax, they had to learn how
to measure the area of land being used per person. However,
most famously regarded as the beginning of geometry is the
pyramids in Egypt. In 2900 BC, the Egyptians used what we
now call "basic geometry" to build the pyramids, a square
bottom with four triangular faces.
Geometry surrounds us every day. We are surrounded by
shapes, lines, points, and dimensions every day. At school,
work, and in our houses. The men and women who are
building the next skyscraper use geometry to decide how tall
 • Greek Geometry
Soon, the Greeks lead the big push towards geometric
studies and concepts. One of the most famous Greeks,
Pythagoras, is hailed as the first person to discover
geometric facts and concepts. He proved that the interior
angles of a triangle would add up to 180 degrees. Pythagoras
and his supporters and students formed the group, The
Pythagoreans, and in 1900 BC they discovered the famous
Pythagorean Theorem. The Pythagorean Theorem states that
the squares of the legs of a right triangle equal the square of
the hypotenuse.
• PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: a^2 +
b^2 = c^2
Probably regarded as the most famous mathematician and
famous Greek was Euclid. In around 300 BC, he wrote thirteen
books called The Elements. In The Elements, Euclid had 23
definitions, 5 postulates, and 5 axioms. Axioms are
statements that we just know to be true. Postulates are
assumed facts to form a theory. After presenting those
Some other famous Greeks that helped in the
development of geometry are Syracuse and Rene
Descartes. Syracuse discovered the volume of
spheres and cylinders and analysis of a circular
area. Rene Descartes put geometry and algebra
together and that led to the section of geometry
known as coordinate geometry. Thales of Miletus is
considered to be the first Greek philosopher to use
deductive reasoning to prove mathematical
relationships.
 • Chinese Geometry
In 1100 BC, the Chinese discovered aspects of
mathematics that are continued to be used today,
such as the number systems and concepts of
algebra and geometry. It is believed that the
Chinese discovered and developed geometric ideas
long before the famous Greeks made their
discoveries. Some of Pythagorous's findings and
Pascal's triangle were also discovered by the
Chinese. In early times during the Shang Dynasty
in around 1600 BC, a plethora of mathematics was
written on the backs of tortoise shells and included
the frequent use of the shape, a hexagram. Also,
like other early cultures, building tombs lead to the
discovery and use of geometry. During the Qin
Dynasty, building tombs became a very important
task and the use of geometry and architecture
prevailed during that time. Math was very
In 330 BC, the earliest Chinese discovery of geometry was
found in the Mo Jing, a book based on the beliefs of Mohism.
Mohism is a philosophy based on logic and rational thoughts.
In the Mo Jing, it supplied a definition for a point: a line is
broken into parts, and the part that can not be broken
anymore has an extreme end, a point. It also provided a
definition for parallel lines: two lines of the same length will
always end at the same place. The Mo Jing produced many
definitions for geometric ideas such as circumference, radius,
diameter, and volume long before the Greeks discovered
these ideas.
Another important book, The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art, appeared in 179 BC. The Nine Chapters on
Mathematical Art is known for correctly determining the first
six digits of pi.
Mo Jing
 Modern
geometry
Euclidean plane
1 The euclidean plane 1.1 Approaches to euclidean geometry
Our ancestors invented the geometry over euclidean plane.
Euclid [300 BC] understood euclidean plane via points, lines
and circles. A motivation of Euclid’s method was to answer
the question that what can be done with ruler and compass
only. Euclid’s geometry is based on logic deductions from
axiom system. (The rigorous axiom system was given by
Hilbert [1899].) The proofs are usually tricky and simple but
quite isolated from other branches of mathematics. The
viewpoint of modern geometry is to study euclidean plane
(and more general, euclidean geometry) using sets and
numbers. This idea dates back to Descartes (1596-1650) and
is referred as analytic geometry. On one side, this brings an
effective way in understanding geometry; on the other side,
the intuition from geometry stimulates solutions of problems
purely from algebras
(A famous example might be Fermat’s last theorem which
was solved by Andrew Wiles in 1995 using the most advanced
algebraic geometry. ) From this point of view, modern
geometry successfully makes mathematics as a whole, which
is the spirit of the math from 20 century’s. In fact, starting
from Euclid’s time, people are trying to ask whether one can
remove the parallel axiom from the axiom system and set up
all results from euclidean geometry. The answer turns to be
negative. People found that there are three different types of
geometry based on different assumption as replacements for
parallel axiom. It was Riemann [1840] who clarified the basic
viewpoints and opened the chapter of modern geometry.
Riemann’s idea basically includes: • consider points in a n-
dimensional space as n-tuple of numbers; • consider the
distance between two points as a distance function; •
Though
introduce in the
general
conceptcurvature is defined
of curvature whichfrom point the
reflects to point, if
we add another
geometry of the assumption that the
space. Different curvature
choices is a constant,
of metrics
we will see that
correspond the situation
to different gets From
geometry. much Riemann’s
simplified.point
More of
concretely, the geometry
view, the eulidean of spaces now
plane corresponds to is completely
a curvature zero
reflected
metric over byRits
2 . isometries. The idea of understanding
geometry by studying its isometries dates back to Klein
[1872]. In particular, this builds up a bridge between classical
 acknowledgement
We Would Like To Express Our Heartiest
Appreciation And Gratitude To Our Teacher
Mr.Sangmesh Boroti Sir As Well As Our
Parents For Providing Us With Opportunity
To Work On This Project “Origin Of
Geometry”.We Also Learned Many New
Things While Preparing For This
Presentation .
Second, We Would Like To Thank Our
Friends For Helping Us To Complete This
Project In Such A Short Period Of Time. It
Was Very Useful In Terms Of Expanding Our
Knowledge And Capabilities.