Introduction to Network

Management

By
Hailay B.(Ph.D)
 Telephone network
Characteristics

Reliable - does what is expected of it

Dependable - always there when you need it

Good quality (connection) - hearing each other well

Reasons for the above characteristics:

Good planning, design, and implementation

Good operation and management of network

 Telephone Network Model
To other
Regional c enters
Sec tional c enters
Regional Center Regional Center Primary c enters
Clas s 1 s witc h Clas s 1 s witc h Toll c enters
End offic es

To other
Sec tional Center Sec tional Center Primary c enters
Clas s 2 s witc h Clas s 2 s witc h Toll c enters
End offic es

Primary Center Primary Center To other

Clas s 3 s witc h Clas s 3 s witc h Clas s 4 toll points
End offic es

Toll Center Toll Center

Clas s 4 s witc h Clas s 4 s witc h

End Offic e End Offic e

Clas s 5 s witc h Clas s 5 s witc h
Legend:
Loop
Direc t Trunk
Toll-Connec ting Trunk
Toll Trunk
Vo ic e Vo ic e

Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model

 Operations Systems /
 Operations support systems
NOC
Monitor telephone network parameters
S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc.
Real-time management of network
Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance
system measures loss and S/N.Trunks not meeting
QoS are removed before customer notices poor quality
Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage.
Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage
below acceptable level
Operations systems are distributed at central offices
Network management done centrally from Network
Operations Center (NOC)
 Workstation
Mail Server
(Joe)
Workstation

Internet Configuration LAN A LAN B

Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Domain
Name Bridge /
Server Router

LAN C

Gateway

WAN

Gateway

LAN X

Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Bridge / Router
Router

LAN Y LAN Z

Workstation

PC (Sally) Mail Server

Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration

 TCP/IP Based Networks
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols

Internet is based on TCP/IP

IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level

TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol

and ensures end-to-end connection

UDP is connectionless transport protocol and

provides datagram service

E-mail, WWW, FTP, Telnet: TCP/IP

Network mgmt. (SNMP): UDP/IP

Comparison

Telephone Network TCP/IP, Internet

Terminal Terminal
telephone PDAs, PC, Workstations, …
Application (Content) Application (Content)
Voice Data: File, Message
Voice, Image, Video.
Bandwidth Requirement Bandwidth Requirement
Static (64 kbps) Dynamic (kbps ~ Mbps)
Transmission Transmission
Loop: UTP Access: UTP, Coaxial Cable, …
Trunk: Optical Fiber Trunk: Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
Network Elements (NEs) Network Elements (NEs)
CPE, Switch, Mux, Hub, Switch, Bridge, Router
Cross connect
Comparison (cont.)

Telephone Network TCP/IP, Internet

Addressing Addressing
telephone number MAC, IP, Port, Domain Name, URL
Intelligent
Networks
Network Configuration Network Configuration
fixed, or Changed frequently
seldom changed
Growth Growth
Stable, not grow in dog years, new applications
changed
Network Management Network Management
Well planned ?
NOCs Network Management Tools/Systems
 Protocols used in NM
SNMP(v1, v2, v3)

Simple Network Management Protocol

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

Ping , traceroute

ARP/RARP

Address Resolution Protocol/ (Reverse ARP)

TCP
Socket

Telnet/SSH
 Common Network Problems
Loss of connectivity (Link, Node, Interface)
Duplicate IP address (Procedural)
Intermittent problems
A system interface problem in a shared medium
Network configuration issues
Non-problems
The cause of failure is a mystery. (Turn off , Turn on)
Performance problems
The cause of long network delay and increasing the
response time
 What is Network Management?
Goal

To ensure that the users of a network receive the IT services

with the quality of service (QoS) that they expect.

"Network management includes the deployment, integration

and coordination of the hardware, software, and human
elements to monitor, test, configure, analyze, evaluate, and
control the network and element resources to meet the real-
time, operational performance, and Quality of Service
requirements at a reasonable cost."
 Top-down View of NM functions
Network
Management

Network Network Network

Provisioning Operations Maintenance

Planning Fault Management / Service Restoration Fault Management

Design Configuration Management Trouble Ticket

Administration
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Network Installation
Security Management
Network Repairs
Accounting Management
Facilities Installation
Reports Management & Maintenance
Routine Network
Inventory Management Tests

Data Gathering & Analyses

Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings

 NM Functional Requirements
Fault Management

detection, isolation and correction of abnormal operation

Configuration Management

identify managed resources and their connectivity,

discovery

Accounting Management

keep track of usage for charging

Performance Management
FCAPS
monitor and evaluate the behavior of managed resources

Security Management
 Fault Management
Manages network problems to keep the network running
reliably and efficiently.

Fault management process involves the following steps

Detecting the problem symptoms.

Isolating the problem.

Fixing the problem automatically (if possible) or

manually.

Logging the detection and resolution of the problem.

 Configuration Management
Configuration Management monitors network and system
configuration information and stores it in a configuration
management database.

The maintenance of this database allows network administrators

to track hardware, software, and other network resources
 Configuration Management (2)
Each network device has a variety of information associated with it:

Software version information for the operating system, protocol

software, or management software.

Hardware version information for the interfaces or hardware

controllers.

Contact information indicating who to contact if problems with

the device arise.

Location information indicating the physical location of the

device.
 Configuration Management
(3)
CM Information Associated with a Managed Device
 Accounting Management

Measures network utilization parameters in order to regulate

individual and group uses of the network.

Minimizes network problems and maximizes fairness of user access

to the network because network resources can be portioned based
on network capacity and user needs.
 Performance Management
Maintains internetwork performance at acceptable levels by
measuring and managing various network performance variables.

Performance variables include network throughput, user response

times, line utilization, and others.

Performance management involves three basic steps:

Gathering data relating to key performance variables.

Analyzing data to determine the normal (baseline)
performance levels.

Determining appropriate performance thresholds for each

variable so that exceeding these thresholds indicates a network
problem worthy of attention.
 Performance Management (2)
Performance
Console Window Help
Action View Favorites
Tree Favorites
Console Root
System Monitor 100
Performance Logs and Alerts
80

60

40

20

10
Last 3.000 Average 16.154 Minimum 2.000
Maximum 63.000 Duration 1:40
Color Scale Counter Instance Parent Object Computer
1.000 % Processor Time _Total --- Processor \\LONDON
1.000 % Processor Time explorer --- Process \\LONDON
1.000 % Disk Time 0 C: D: --- PhysicalDisk \\LONDON
1.000 Page/sec --- --- Memory \\LONDON
1.000 Bytes Received/sec Default FTP Site - - - FTP Service \\LONDON
 Performance Management (3)

Reactive

when performance becomes unacceptable (that is, a user-

defined threshold is exceeded), the managed device reacts by
sending an alert to the network management system (NMS).

Proactive

simulation is used to project how network growth will affect

performance metrics. These simulations alert administrators to
impending problems before they affect network users.
 Performance Management (4)
Reactive PM Components

The management entity continually monitors

performance variables in managed devices.

When a particular performance threshold is exceeded,

the NMS or the managed device detects the problem.

If the managed device detects the problem, it generates

an alert and sends it to the NMS.

The NMS takes an appropriate action, such as alerting

the network administrator.
 Windows Task Manager
Windows Task Manager Windows Task Manager
Windows Task Manager File Options View Help
File Options View Windows Help
File Options View Help
Applications ProcessesPerformance
Applications Processes
Applications Performance
Processes Performance
CPU Usage CPU Usage History
Task Image Name PID CPUStatus
CPU Time Mem Usage
Building Schematic
System - Paint
Idle Process 0 96Running
4:52:37 16 K
System 8 00
Memo to Supervisor - WordPadRunning 0:00:27 212 3%
K
smss.exe 168 00 0:00:00 344 K
Calculator
csrss.exe 196 00Running
0:00:20 1,820
MEMK Usage Memory Usage History
winlogon.exe 220 00 0:00:09 4,408 K
My Computer
services.exe 148 00Running
0:00:14 8,228 K
lsass .exe 160 00 0:00:32 15,768 K
svchost .exe 472 00 0:00:00 2,648 K
spoolsv .exe 492 00 0:00:00 10 1600K
4,184 K
mspaint .exe 624 00 0:00:04 352 K
msdtc .exe 704 02 0:00:00 3,428 K
Totals Physical Memory (K)
inojobsv .exe 808 00 0:07:46 5,704 K
Handles 5932 Total 130612
dfssvc .exe 824 00 0:00:00 2,336 K
Threads 381 Available 27740
svchost .exe 840 00 0:00:00 3,416 K
Processes 30 System Cache 50704
ismserv .exe 864 00 0:00:00 5,348 K
llssrv .exe 880 00 0:00:01 3,860 K Charge (K)
Commit Kernel Memory (K)
ntfrs.exe 928 00 0:00:09 1,108
TotalK 101600 Total 22804
regsvc.exe 968 00 0:00:00 844 K
Limit 310892 Paged 15704
Peak 116896 Nonpaged 7100
Show processes from all users End Process
End Task Switch To New Task...
Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 3% Mem Usage: 101600K / 310892K

Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 6% Mem Usage: 103452K / 310892K

Processes: 30 CPU Usage: 2% Mem Usage: 103500K / 310892K
 Security Management
Access control
Controls access to network resources, and prevents
network sabotage (intentional or unintentional) and
unauthorized access to sensitive information.
Aids administrators in creating a secure network
environment. This includes:
partitioning network resources into authorized and
unauthorized areas,
mapping groups of users to those areas, and
monitoring, policing, and logging user access to
resources in those areas.
Security monitoring
Security event collection
Event analysis, correlation and alert generation
Alert handling
 Infrastructure for network
management
definitions:

managing entity agent data

managing managed devices contain
data managed device
entity managed objects whose
data is gathered into a
agent data Management Information
network
management Base (MIB)
managed device
protocol

agent data
agent data
managed device

managed device
 Network Management
Systems
A network management system (NMS) is a collection of
tools for network monitoring and control
based on the manager-agent paradigm
the manager sends mgmt requests to one or more
agents
an agent performs the requested operation and returns
results
when agents detect faults and they report to the
manager
NMS typically provide a GUI through which most or all
management tasks can be performed
Many commercial and freely available NMSs exist:
Commercial
HP OpenView, IBM NetView, Sun Net
Manager, Cisco works and etc.
Open source
OpenNMS , Nagios and etc.
Standard Management
Frameworks
Internet Network Management Framework (IETF)
SNMPv1
SNMPv2
SNMPv3
OSI Network Management Framework (ISO/ITU-T)
CMIP (X.700 Series)
Telecommunication Management Network (ITU-T)
TMN (M.3000 Series)
Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
DMI, CIM, WBEM
TeleManagement Forum
MTNM, eTOM, and etc.
 Status and Future Trends
 Status:
 SNMP management
 Limited CMIP management
 Operations systems
 Future trends:
 Object-oriented approach
 Service and policy management
 Web-based management
 XML-base management