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Computer Networks

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17 views19 pages

Computer Networks

Uploaded by

lipusatyaranjan5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS

BY:- SMRUTI ROUT


INTRO TO DATA COMMUNICATION

A network is the interconnection of a set of


devices capable of communication.
The device in the above definition, can be a connecting
device(ex:-router) or a host(ex:- desktop, laptop etc.)
Devices in a network are connected using wired or wireless
transmission media:- cable/air.
LAN(LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
LAN is a privately owned and connects some
hosts in a office, building or campus.
Each host in a LAN has an address that
uniquely identifies the host in the LAN.
A packet sent by sent by a host to another
contains both sender and receiver’s address.
WAN(WIDE AREA NETWORK)
WAN is the interconnection of devices
capable of communication.
It has wider geographical span like a state,
country, continent etc.
WAN is created and run by communication
companies and leased by an organization that
uses it.
MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)
MAN is designed to extend over an entire city.
It is the connection of number of LANs into a
larger network so that resources may be shared
LAN to LAN as well as device to device.
PROTOCOLS & STANDARDS
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data
communications. A protocol defines what is and how
it is communicated, also when it is communicated.
Elements of protocol are:-
Syntax: Structure/format, meaning of the data
 (Ex:- first 8 bits of the data stream is sender’s
address, second 8 bits of the data stream is the
receiver’s address, rest bits are the data.)
Semantic: It refers to the meaning of each section of
the data especially the regarding the route
information and final destination.
Timing: It refers to when and how fast data can be
sent.
STANDARDS
Standards are developed through committees, forums, &
government regulatory agencies
Some committees/organizations are:
ISO: International Organization for
Standardization is a multinational body responsible
for developing cooperation in the realm of
scientific, technological and economic activity.
ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standards
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
IEEE: Institute of Electrical & Electronics
Engineers(responsible for the development of
international standards for computing and
communications.
LAYERING CONCEPT
A perfect communication can be done through
sender, receiver and carrier to send a data item.
SENDE RECEIVE
R R
THE TEXT IS WRITTEN IN THE DATA IS REMOVED FROM
ENVELOPE IN MAILBOX THE ENVELOPE & READ.

THE DATA IS CARRIED THE DATA IS CARRIEDFROM


FROM THE MAILBOX TO A THE POST OFFICE TO THE
POST OFFICE MAILBOX

THE DATA IS DELIVERED THE DATA IS DELIVERED FROM


TO A CARRIER BY THE THE CARRIER TO THE POST
POST OFFICE OFFICE

(THE DATA IS CARRIED FROM THE SOURCE TO THE


TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
It stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol.
It is a protocol stack that dominates data
communication.
The model contains five layers:
Physical Layer(Layer 1)
Data link Layer(Layer 2)
Network Layer(Layer 3)
Transport Layer(Layer 4)
Application Layer(Layer 5)
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
Host A communicates with host B.
Source host A, the link layer switch in link 1, the
router, link layer switch in link 2 and the
destination host B.
The two hosts are involved in all five layers.
The message is created at source host A in the
application layer and sent down the layers.
The destination host needs to receive the
communication at the physical layer and then
delivered through other layers to the application
layer.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF LAYERS
Physical Layer:
Coordinates the functions needed to transmit
a bit stream over physical medium.
This layer data consists of a stream of bits.
Bits must be encoded into
signals(electrical/optical).
This layer defines the data transmission rate
in each sec.
Bit synchronization is must in this layer. The
sender and receiver clock must be
synchronized.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF LAYERS
Data Link Layer:
 Data link layer divides the stream of bits
received from network layer into frames.
Physical addressing is done in this layer. This
layer adds header to the frame to define the
sender and receiver address.
Data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to prevent overwhelming the
receiver.
This layer also includes the error control
mechanism to prevent the duplication of frames.
It adds a trailer to the end of the frame.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF LAYERS
Network Layer:
It is responsible for source to destination delivery.
It ensures that the packets are going from the
exact origin to final destination.
In a same network, network layer is not required.
But, in different networks it is needed.
If a packet passes the network boundary, another
addressing is required, that is known as logical
addressing. One header is added to the packet
from the upper layer which contains the source
and destination address.
Routing helps to switch the packets to their final
destination.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF LAYERS

Transport Layer:
This layer includes an address(port address)
which connects the process of one computer
to another process of other computer.
Transport layer reassembles the segmented
messages correctly upon the arrival at the
destination.
Flow control
Error control
FUNCTIONALITIES OF LAYERS

Application Layer:
It provides the user interface.
It facilitates the email forwarding and storage.
This layer allows user to access files.
Remote computer login and accessing resources
can be done using this layer.
Accessing the WWW can be facilitated using this
layer.
OSI MODEL
The OSI (Open System Interconnection Model) was designed
by International Standard Organization(ISO)
It consists of seven layers.

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