Marketing and Sales

Management
APPLY BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY
ABIY S. (MBA)
LIDETA MANUFACTURING COLLEGE/ NOV. 2024
 UNIT TWO
ORGANIZING AND PROCESSING DATA
 coverage and topics:

 Identifying and Generating records

 Operating Input devices
 Storing data
 Using training manuals tools
What is Data?

• Definition:
Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts, figures, or symbols
collected from observations, measurements, or research. It
forms the foundation for processing and analysis to derive
meaningful information.
2.1 Identify and generate records

• The skill of recording data involves the documenting of

data and observations in a variety of forms in order to
preserve it for later use.
• promotes the development of a wide range of written, oral,
visual and digital literacy skills involved in documenting
and organizing information, including: sketching , Labeling,
note-taking, journaling, photographing, videotaping, etc.
Develops skills involved with the gathering and organizing
of qualitative and quantitative observations and data to
make it useful for analysis and interpretation.
Definition of Records

• Document that memorializes and provides objective

evidence of activities performed, events occurred, results
achieved, or statements made.
• Records include accounts, agreements, books, drawings,
letters, magnetic/optical disks, memos, micrographics, etc
Records Management

The records life-cycle

• Examples of records phases include those for creation of a
record, modification of a record, movement of a record
through its different states while in existence,
and destruction of a record.
• Throughout the records life cycle, issues such as security,
privacy, disaster recovery, emerging technologies, and
mergers are addressed by the records and information
management professional responsible for organizational
programs
Characteristics of records

• Records are evidence of actions and transactions

• Records should support accountability, which is tightly
connected to evidence but which allows accountability to
be traced
• Records are related to processes, i.e. “information that is
generated by and linked to work processes”
• Records must be preserved, some for very short time and
some permanently.
2.2 operating input devices

• An input device is any hardware device that sends data to

a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
• The most commonly used or primary input devices on a
computer are the keyboard and mouse.
1.Mouse
• Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
• Controls movement of pointer, also called mouse pointer,
on screen
• Pointer on screen takes several shapes
Common mouse operations

• Point
• Click
• Right-click
• Double-click
• Drag
• Right-drag
• Rotate wheel
• Press wheel
2. Keyboard

The Keyboard divided

• Typing area
• Numeric keypad
• Function keys
2.3 Storing data

• In business, there are many natural, hierarchical relationships

among data. Databases (DB) are used by organizations to
collect information in one consolidated place for easy access,
management, and update.
• What is a Database?
• Definition:
A database is an organized collection of logically related data
that is stored, managed, and accessed electronically. It allows
users to efficiently retrieve, insert, update, and delete data for
various applications, making it a crucial tool for businesses,
organizations, and individuals.
Types of Databases:

1. Relational Database:
Stores data in tables (relations) with predefined schemas.
Examples: MySQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server.
2. NoSQL Database:
Designed for unstructured or semi-structured data; does not require a fixed schema.
Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Couchbase.
3. Cloud Database:
Hosted on cloud platforms, providing scalability and remote access.
Examples: Amazon RDS, Google BigQuery, Azure SQL Database.
4. Distributed Database:
Data is spread across multiple physical locations but appears as a single system to
users.
Examples: Apache Cassandra, Google Spanner.
5. Hierarchical Database:
Data is organized in a tree-like structure.
Examples: IBM Information Management System (IMS).
• The data collected could be personal information about
customers from online store (name, address, and phone),
inventory (product, quantity, and price), orders (date,
product, and shipping address) or anything the business
needs to track. It’s up to the user to determine what data
needs to be aggregated and the format it will take. The
most common type of DB storage structures are Relational
Databases where the data is stored in relations, taking the
form of tables made of columns (fields) and rows
(records/items). These tables are connected within a
database.
Example of a Relational Database Table:

Customer_ID Name Email Purchase_Total

101 John Doe john@example.com $200

102 Jane Smith jane@example.com $350

103 Sam Johnson sam@example.com $150

Components of a Database:

• Data:
• The actual information stored, such as customer records or product inventories.
• Database Management System (DBMS):
• Software that interacts with users, applications, and the database itself to
manage the data.
• Examples: PostgreSQL, SQLite, MariaDB.
• Schema:
• The structure that defines how data is organized (e.g., tables, fields, data types).
• Query Language:
• A language used to interact with the database.
• Example: SQL (Structured Query Language).
What is SQL?

• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard

programming language specifically designed for managing
and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to
create, read, update, and delete data stored in tables and
provides a way to query and analyze the data.
• To access and interact with the data, the user needs database
management system (DBMS), such as Oracle DB, Microsoft SQL,
IBM DB, SAP DB, etc.
• It’s of high importance for DB storage to be able to support
multiple and random real-time inquiries/transactions from
clients. Online Transaction Process (OLTP) must be highly stable,
high IOPS for small block size data and random reads & writes is
required. Moreover, the storage must be expandable, i.e. show
high scalability without performance degradation. And finally, it
should be highly manageable and cost-effective Other than on
the hard drive, data may also be stored on.
Storage Methods:

• Hard drives
• floppy disks: a limited amount of information can be stored here
• Cloud storage
• External devices (thumb drives, CD-ROMs): suitable for large
amounts of data
A. Retrieving Documents
B. Data Files

• Data files are the operating system files that store the
data within the database. The data is written to these files
in an Oracle proprietary format that cannot be read by
other programs. Temp files are a special class of data files
that are associated only with temporary table spaces.
• A data file is any file that stores information, often in a
structured format, which can be used or processed by a
computer program. These files are commonly used to store
raw data, settings, configurations, or content for analysis,
computation, or storage.
Components of Data File

• Segment: - A segment contains a specific type of database

object. For example, a table is stored in a table segment,
and an index is stored in an index segment. A data file can
contain many segments.
• Extent:- is a contiguous set of data blocks within a
segment. Oracle Database allocates space for segments in
units of one extent. When the existing extents of a segment
are full, the database allocates another extent for that
segment.
• Data block also called a database block, is the smallest
unit of I/O to database storage. An extent consists of
several contiguous data blocks. The database uses a
default block size at database creation.
• After the database has been created, it is not possible to
change the default block size without re-creating the
database. It is possible, however, to create a table space
with a block size different than the default block size.
• Segments, extents, and data blocks are all logical
structures. Only Oracle Database can determine how many
data blocks are in a file. The operating system recognizes
only files and operating system blocks, not the number of
data blocks in an Oracle Database file. Each data block
maps to one or more operating system blocks.
There are three types of table spaces:

• Note:- A tablespace in Oracle Database is a logical storage

unit that groups related data structures (like tables,
indexes, and other database objects). It acts as a bridge
between the logical data storage of a database and the
physical storage on disk. Tablespaces make it easier to
manage and organize data in the database.
• 1. Permanent: - You use permanent table spaces to store
your user and application data. Oracle Database uses
permanent table spaces to store permanent data, such as
system data. Each user is assigned a default permanent
table space.
• 2. Undo: - a database running in automatic undo management mode
transparently creates and manages undo data in the undo table space.
Oracle Database uses undo data to roll back transactions, to provide read
consistency, to help with database recovery, and to enable features such
as Oracle Flashback Query. A database instance can have only one active
undo table space.
• 3. Temporary: - table spaces are used for storing temporary data, as
would be created when SQL statements perform sort operations. An Oracle
database gets a temporary table space when the database is created. You
would create another temporary table space if you were creating a
temporary table space group. Under typical circumstances, you do not
have to create additional temporary table spaces. If you have an extremely
large database, then you might configure additional temporary table space.
2.4. Using training manuals tools

• the best tools for training that trainers can use to simplify
their workload and make their courses shine.
• To save time, here are the essential skills for trainers:
•
Advanced research skills
• Strong communication skills
• Organizational skills
• Adaptability skills
• Enthusiasm for lifelong learning
• Followed by the must-have tools for trainers in categories:
• Learning Management System (LMS)
• Content authoring tool
• Video editing software
• Social media marketing
• These are the four main categories of training and
development tools every trainer should have in their
toolbox:
Social media marketing

• Social media marketing (SMM) (also known as digital

marketing and e-marketing) is the use of social media—the
platforms on which users build social networks and share
information to build a company's brand, increase sales, and
drive website traffic. In addition to providing companies
with a way to engage with existing customers and reach
new ones, social media marketing (SMM) has purpose-built
data analytics that allow marketers to track the success of
their efforts and identify even more ways to engage.
• The power of social media marketing comes from the
unparalleled capacity of social media in three core
marketing areas: connection, interaction, and customer
data.