TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

CONNECTIVITY AT
MALIGAON
(H/Q N.F RAILWAYS)
COURSE DIRECTOR-
KISHOR TALUKDAR ( SEEE/TELECOMMUNICATION)
NF RAILWAYS CONSTRUCTION
PRESENTED BY-
BOHNI SIKHA DEY
PRATYANSHA KASHYAP BAISHYA
3RD SEMESTER
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KOKRAJHAR
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
 FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
 BASIC TELEPHONY
 STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (S P C)
 WIRING SYSTEM
 ISDN CONCEPTS & ISDN EXCHANGE
 CORAL FLEXICOM 6000 EXCHANGE
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Telephone exchanges in Maligaon Railway serve as the telecommunication
hubs for the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) headquarters located in
Guwahati, Assam. These exchanges facilitate communication within the
railway network and with external entities, ensuring smooth operation and
coordination across the railway's vast system.

Key Features of Railway Telephone Exchanges:

. These exchanges connect various railway departments like operations,

engineering, signals, and administration.
.Provide a communication link for emergencies, maintenance activities, and
coordination during train operations.
.Many railway exchanges are transitioning from traditional landlines to
modern digital systems, such as IP-based exchanges.
.Railway exchanges are integrated with India's national telecommunication
infrastructure, allowing seamless communication
Based on Technology:
a. Analog Exchanges
Traditional exchanges using circuit-switching technology.
Being phased out in favour of digital systems.

b. Digital Exchanges
Modern systems providing high-quality voice and integrated services.
Supports ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) for simultaneous
voice, data, and video transmission.

c. IP-based Exchanges (VoIP)

Internet-based exchanges allowing voice and data communication over
the same network.
More cost-effective and scalable than traditional systems.

d. Wireless Communication Networks

Facilitates communication in remote areas where fixed-line exchanges
are unavailable.
Includes GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway) for
FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE
EXCHANGES
 Switching
Subscribers are switched according to their
request.

 Signaling
Signaling information is processed for switching to
the subscribers

 Controlling
Controls scanning of the subscriber status,
establishment of speech path, metering, closure of
call path and routing to other exchanges etc.
 BASIC TELEPHONY
Basic Telephony: General

 Sound signals can not travel much distance in open space.

 Sound signals are converted to electrical signals.
 Telephony makes use of electrical/radio/light signals to transmit.
 A simple Microphone converts sound signals to electrical signals.
 A simple Receiver converts electrical signals to sound signals.
 A simple telephone consists of a microphone and a receiver.
 A conventional telephone connected to a telephone exchange
consists of microphone, receiver, bell and dial pad.
TYPES OF TELEPHONE IN IR

 Magneto Phone - used for group

communication

 Selective Calling Phone- used for group

communication

 Control Phone - used for train operations

 Portable Control Phone - used for emergency in

mid sections

 Autophone - used for general purpose with

exchanges
 Telephone Exchange Tones
 RBT (Ring Back Tone): Indicates called party is ringing.
 (DT) Dial Tone: Indicates the readiness of the exchange to accept dialing.
 BT (Busy Tone): Indicates called party is busy.
NUT (Number Unobtainable Tone): Indicates an invalid number is dialed.
FT (Feature Tone): Indicates a special feature is invoked.
AT (Assurance Tone): Indicates a given command is accepted.
How 64 kbps evolved for one voice channel?
 As per Nyquist Sampling Theorem f s = 2fh
i.e. Sampling frequency is equal to twice the highest frequency of the input signal.
 Voice band = 0 kHz -- 4 kHz (highest frequency=4 kHz)
 Sampling frequency = 8 kHz = 8000 samples/second
 One sample is denoted by 8 bits
Types of Exchange cables
Underground cables: Laid in the ground Standard sizes: 5 pair, 10 pair, 20 pair, 50 pair, 100 pair Protective layers like hard
PVC, Metal tape are used.
 Indoor cables: Used inside the building. PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) insulation is used.
Standard sizes: 1 pair, 2 pair, 3 pair, 5 pair, 10 pair, 20 pair, 50 pair, 100 pair.
 Drop wire: single pair wire used to extend subscriber line.
Types of Telephone Exchanges

Manual Exchange Operation- is done by human operators
Automatic Exchange Operations- are performed by
electric/electronic circuits
Electromechanical Exchange - uses electrical circuits and
relays.
Electronic Exchange - uses advanced electronic digital circuits
24

Telephone Exchanges on Indian Railways

1.C-DoT
2. OKI
3. ARIA (ISDN)
4. IRIS (ISDN)
5. Coral Flexicom (ISDN)
6. Siemens (ISDN)
7. NEC (ISDN)
STORED PROGRAM CONTROL (S P C)
 For every received signal from subscriber there
is an instruction available in the exchange.
 And the instructions are given by the control
head to the associated processing devices.
 Every process in exchange..
 When exchange is started first ROM is read by
the processor.
 SPC takes over the system.
 After initialization user database is read into the
memory.
 Scanning of the ports starts and continues. ge is
executed as per the SPC.
SPC Exchange Architecture
Processor
Is the heart of the SPC exchange.
All devices function under control of processor.
Processor gives instructions as per SPC.
Processor communicates with control section of the exchange.
Stored Program Control
Instructions are stored in ROM.
Instructions contain every detail pertaining to the working of exchange.
ROM
Read Only Memory Contains starting information for the exchange.
When exchange is started instructions for reading the SPC/user database is
available in ROM.
RAM
Random Access Memory SPC core program along with user database is loaded in
RAM.
Control Section
This section receives instructions from processor and executes accordingly.
Receives signaling data from peripheral section.
Input data after processing is fed to processor.
Peripheral Section
Directly connected to users and other exchanges.
Contains codecs & hybrids.
Interface between user environment and the control section
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION IN EXCHANGES:
 Analog communication
From exchange to subscriber it is analog and 2 wire.
 Digital communication
Within the exchange it is digital and 4 wire.
AGC (Auto Gain Control) is employed in exchange for
uniform levels of subscriber voice.

C-DoT 128P Exchange- Outline:

 C-DoT - Center for Development of Telemetric
Constituted in 1984 by Government of India. Main Objective:
Developing communication equipment suitable for Indian
environment.
Types of Cards in an Exchange

 Control Cards
Which controls the exchange functions
 Peripheral Cards
Which controls user functions. Receive physical
wiring from outside.
 Service Cards
Supports the exchange for extra features
 LCC - Line Circuit Card
Connects subscriber telephone.
 TRK - Trunk Card
Connects with other exchanges
 TGD - Tone Generation & Diagnostics Card
Generates tones and performs diagnostic feature.
 CNF - Conference Card
Supports conference among subscribers.
 RMF - Receive Multi Frequency
Supports tone dialing from subscribers.
 WIRING SYSTEM
WIRING IN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES:

 From Telephone Exchange physical connections are made with copper

cables to the IDF (intermediate distribution frame).
 This is done by the agency who supplied the telephone exchange.
 The back panel of the telephone exchange should not be opened as per
the norms.
 High Ah capacity DC potentials exists through the battery.
 From IDF the connections are extended to MDF (main distribution frame)
 From MDF connections are extended to the telephones.
 The standard size of the copper conductor is 0.5mm dia.
 The agency does the wiring up to the incoming point to the MDF.
 Standard wiring practice rules are followed in general.
Wiring In Telephone Exchanges
 What is standard color code ?
 Primary colors
BL – Blue
OG – Orange
GN - Green
BN - Brown
GY - Grey (locally called as SLATE)
 Secondary colors
WT - White
RD – Red
BK - Black
YL - Yellow
VT - Voilet (locally called as PINK)
ISDN CONCEPTS & ISDN EXCHANGE
I S D N - Integrated Services Digital Network
 Is a network with end-to-end digital connectivity.
 Offers various voice and non-voice services on a
single pair of wires.

CCS#7 - Common Channel Signaling No. 7

 All the data of multiple channels regarding
switching, connections and management are
transmitted on a single common channel.
ADVANTAGES:


High Speed Data Transmission
 Quality Communication
 Reliability & Security
 Better use of existing Physical Network
(cables)
 International Standardization
 Simplified Wiring
 CORAL FLEXICOM 6000
EXCHANGE
GENERAL:
 A Telephone Exchange contains three types of cards.
 Control Cards - Switching Circuitry is built onto these cards.
 Peripheral Cards - Receive external wiring from outside.
 Service Cards -Facilitates special services to the users like
CNF.
SUBSCRIBER LINE CARD:
There are two types
 Analog Subscriber Line Card – Supports parallel
connection. Line lengths are generally more.
 Digital Subscriber Line Card - Doesn't support parallel
connection. Text messages can be sent. Line length is limited 1
km.
 CONCLUSION
The telephone exchange system in railways plays a pivotal role in
ensuring seamless communication and coordination among various
departments, including station management, control offices, signaling,
and operations teams. Its implementation enhances operational
efficiency, reduces response times during emergencies, and ensures
the safety of passengers and railway assets. By integrating modern
technologies like automated call routing, digital exchanges, and VoIP,
railway telephone systems further streamline communication and
facilitate reliable connectivity across vast networks. Overall, the system
contributes significantly to the effective functioning of railways,
supporting their mission of delivering safe, efficient, and timely
services.