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TELE COMMUNICATIONS

P.R. BHAVANA IV/IV B.TECH E.C.E L9EC2265

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HISTORY OF TELE COMMUNICATIONS

In the year 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone. In the year 1880 first magneto exchange introduced. In the year 1882 first telephone exchange opened at Mumbai 90 lines, Calcutta 102 lines, Chennai 24 lines. In the year 1917 Automatic Exchange was introduced. It is also called as Electro-Mechanical Exchange (or) Step-By-Step- Exchange (or) Strowger Exchange. In the year 1980, Electronic Technology was started. Electronic Technology means used electronic components such as I.C, Transistors, Diodes, Zener diodes, Capacitors (or) Condensers, Resistors etc.

In the year 1986, digital electronic exchange technology was started. In the year 1960, first STD [Subscriber Trunk Dialing] was introduced between Kanpur & Lucknow. In the year 1976, ISD [International Subscriber Dialing] was introduced. In the year 1977 first optical fibre cable was commensed at Pune.

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So, far 6 new digital exchanges have come in the country namely (1) FETEX-150L (2)AXE-10 (3)5 ESS (4)NEAX (5)OCB (6)EWSD. In the year 1993 EWSD exchange was introduced at Calcutta of Siemens from Germany. It is also called as Siemens Exchange.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOM TECHNOLOGY

Todays telecommunication technologies have evolved from the earliest smoke signals to almost instant global transmission of large amounts of data.

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HISTORY OF DEPARTMENT
In the year 1851, first established PWD [Public Works Department]. In the year 1854, telegraph services was opened to the public. In the year 1914, established as posts & telegraph department [P&T]. In the year Jan 1,1985 established as DOT [Department Of Telecommunications]. In the year Nov 17,2002 GSM [Global System for Mobile Communications] was introduced. In the year Aug 18,2005 WLL [Wireless in Local Loop] (or) Tarang was introduced. In the year Jan 1,2005 Broadband (or) Dataone was introduced.

EVOLUTION OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

(1) Manual Exchange (2) Automatic Exchange Ex: Cross-bar Exchange (3) Electronic Exchange

(1) MANUAL EXCHANGE

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In this generation number dialing facility is not available at the customer end. A transmitter, receiver and the ringer equipment is available at customer premises. Call connectivity will be arranged manually by an operator present in the exchange. The operator feeds the ringing supply from the exchange to the calling customer for giving call alert. After that the operator physically connects the calling & the called parties.

(2) AUTOMATIC EXCHNAGE

In this generation, complete automatic call connectivity was invented. Selectors in crossbar exchanges have horizontal & vertical bars (like matrix) operated by electro magnetic relay coils, so that the 1 contacts at a particular point in a matrix may be operated under the control of these relays.

(3) ELECTRONIC EXCHNAGES

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With the invention of electronic exchanges the practical difficulties with the automatic exchanges were solved. The customer was provided with a lot of advanced features.

BASIC DIAGRAM FOR TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

E/A

Power plant

Switch room

MDF

Extnl.pla nt

Battery-A Battery-B

OMC

MDF is starting location from which the U.G cables will be arranged to the customer. MDF will serve the testing purpose. MDF can separated as 2 parts: (1) Line side (2) Exchange side. UG cables that connect the MDF & pillars are called Primary Cables. UG cables that connect pillars & DPs are called Distribution Cables. A DPs capacity can be 5, 10,20 (or) 50 pairs. Each DP is given with a 4 digit number in which the first 2 digits indicate the pillar number in which that DP is working. Through a Drop wire, the connection is extended into customer premises from the DP.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

C-DOT E10B OCB EWSD 5ESS

: Indian Made : France Made : France Made : Germany Made : USA Made

C-DOT
C-DOT means Center for Development of Telematics. The C-DOT is having 4 types of Exchanges. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) C-DOT 128 RAX C-DOT 256P RAX C-DOT SBM C-DOT MBM All the above 4 types of switching systems are called Digital Switching System (DSS) Family. The main objective of C-DOT is to design & develop digital exchanges suitable for Indian Environment. C-DOT SBM is a 3rd generation of C-DOT DSS family & it is a remote automatic exchange. C-DOT MBM is a 4th generation .C-DOT DSS is a

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universal digital switch which can be configured for different applications. Another important feature is the provision of both centralized operation & maintenance. Testing of various features have become easy. Hence C-DOT switch can be maintained easily through software. PSTN subscriber services for Call Offering Supplementary Services are: (a) Call forwarding unconditional [CFU] (b) Call forwarding Busy [CFB] (C) Call Forwarding no reply [CFNR].

OCB 283 SWITCHING SYSTEM

SMX CSED CSND STH SMT MA S MAS SMA STS

SDH

SMC

MIS

SMM

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OCB 283 A switching node based on multi processor stations. It includes connections control & operation & maintenance substation. OCB is a single T-stage switch & supports both analog & digital subsystems. The system has automatic recovery feature. OCB283 has Double Remoting facility. The hard disc is very small in size, compact & maintenance free. It has memory capacity of 1.2/2.1/4 GB.OCB operates on 48V D.C. supply. Normal supply is from 42.7 to 52V. The SMT permits implementation of the PCM Controller URM functions. The SMM is the O&M functional unit & is duplicated as SMMA. The SMCs are the units which hold control functions MR, TR, MQ, TX, GX. These functional units are in software form & are duplicated except MR which can be more than 2.

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NGN [NEXT GENERATION NETWORK]

The next generation network used for voice communication, popularly known as PSTN is mainly circuit switching based network. Today the world over trend is for all types of services such as voice, data ,video is called as Next Generation Network & is a packet switching based network.
Call control Call server

Switching

IP/MPLS

Interfaces

Gateways

SDH Transport Common IP MPLS

IP TAX is the first step towards the evolution of current generation network to Next Generation Network. Functions of Gateway are: (1) Performs packetization of signaling & ensures its transportation through IP network. Inter working functions between SS7 network & IP network.

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MULTIPEXING TECHNIQUES
TDM [Time Division Multiplexing]: Sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing available transmission time on an medium among users.

(2) FDM [Frequency Division Multiplexing]: All signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different frequencies.

PULSE CODE MODULATION [PCM]

PCM systems use TDM to provide a number of circuits on the same transmission medium via open wire/ground cable pair. To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are required: (1) Filtering (2) Sampling (3) Quantization (4) Encoding (5) Line coding. 30 CHANNELS PCM: Ch-0 ch-1 ch-2 ch-15 ch-16 ch-30 TS0 TS1 TS2 .. TS15 TS16 TS17 TS18 .. TS31

SPECIFICATIONS OF TS-0:
(i) It carries the synchronization signal.

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(ii)

It provides synchronization between Transmitter & Receiver.

SPECIFICATIONS OF TS-16: (i)It carries the signaling information of 2 speech channels expect frame 0. (ii)Odd frames contains alarm information & transmitting & supervisory. (iii)Each frame carries signaling data for 2 speech channels, 4 signalling bits are provided for each time slot.

INTERNET
Internet is a global collection of people who are linked through computers, cables, telephone lines & satellite communications making communication possible with each other. When 2 (or) more computers are connected together it is called as Network. The internet is a global network of networks. The data transfer is measured in terms of kbps. BIRTH OF INTERNET: In USA during 1960s the advanced research project agency[ARPA] was introduced by the Defense Department on the project called ARPA-NET.

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WORLD WIDE WEB:

In the year 1992 Swiss software engineer Tim Berness-Lee introduced a graphical hypertext navigation tool called World Wide Web.

http [Hyper Text Transfer Protocol]:

http is the protocol to access several web serves. http indicates that we are dealing with a web page. Hypertext is a document containing words that connects to the other documents.

BROADBAND
Broadband is always ON data connection & has the capacity of the minimum download speed of 256kbps to an individual customer from the point of presence. The broadband introduced to the user by using ADSL technology [Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line]. Presently broad band having download speed of 256kbps minimum & 8 Mbps maximum. ADVANTAGES OF BROADBAND: (1) Fast download (2) Always ON data connection (3) No telephone call exchanges

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(4) Fast effective rate to access internet.

SPLITTER:
The splitter is the first device. The splitter captures the first 14 khz frequency & splits them OFF for phone use voice human frequency by Low Pass Filter. The rest of the frequency by High Pass filter is passed on the ADSL modem. DSLAM: DSLAM is an integrated hardware & software system, that allows the user to access broadband services as well as telephone calls over the same single pair of copper wires. It is essential to give broadband connection.

GSM [GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION]

Each mobile is having one unique number called as IMEI Number [International mobile Equipment Mobile Identity]. GSM 900 Uplink frequency:890-915 GSM 1800 Uplink frequency:

1710-

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MHZ Downlink frequency: 935960 MHZ Duplex interval: 45 MHZ Bandwidth: 25MHZ Frequency interval :200 KHZ

1785 MHZ Downlink frequency: 18051880 MHZ Duplex interval : 95 MHZ Bandwidth: 75MHZ Frequency interval: 200 KHZ

Transcoder is used to convert 16kbps to 64kbps & vice versa. HLR is the brain of GSM & data is permanent.VLR data is temporary. AUC is a security checking.EIR has 3 types of lists: (1) White list valid customer (2) Gray list suspected list (3) Black list cell blocked customer.

DTMF SIGNALLING C1 1 4 7 * C2 2 5 8 0 C3 3 6 9 #

697 770 852 941

(1)

F-FLASH: In the call-waiting facility telephone transfer of calls from subscriber- A to B.

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(2)

P-PAUSE: When the telephone is connected to the PABX the pause button is used for getting main exchange dial tone. (3) M-MUTE: This button is used for to stop original speech during conversation.

CDMA [CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS] MULTIPLE ACCESS: Number of users access & share
transmission medium, bandwidth communication at the same time. available for

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS: Large number of

transmissions are combined on the same RF channel at the same time but are separated by codes.

FEATURES OF CDMA:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Advanced communication technology. Uses spread spectrum technology. Better use of the multipath. Frequency reuse. Anti-jam & security features. 2 methods for subscriber connection; (i) Copper local loop (ii) Wirless local loop [WLL]

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Cost reduction method in the external plant is WLL.

TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION Subscriber Exchange

Copper Local Loop

Subscriber

Exchange

BTS Wireless Local Loop

BSC

REASONS FOR WLL:

(1) Cost (2) Centralized maintenance (3) Less maintenance

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(4) cable fault.

Service breakdowns due to

REQUIREMENTS OF WLL:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Services [Voice + local speed data] Capacity is low. PSTN Connectivity. Maintainability Cost is less

ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
(1) Over wireline: Easy installation, maintenance, low cost, mobility, ease of operation & administration. (2) Over mobile; Large coverage, large capacity. Code name Walsh code Number of codes 64 Code length 64 Purpose Identity forwarding link channels Identify base channels Identify

Short code Long

PN

2^15

15

PN

2^42

42

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code

mobile stations

CALL PROCESSING REGISTRATION:

(1) Mobile is turns ON. (2) Acquires the pilot. (3) Tunes to the sync channels & receive system parameters. (4) Tunes to paging channels. (5) Sends registration messages on access channel associated with the acquired paying channels. (6) Receives acknowledgement of the paging channel. (7) Goes in to the idle state.