Welcome to

Our
Presentation
 Mechanical
Properties of
Textiles
 MEET OUR
Team

Somyia Syed Siamul Azharul Islam

TE22040 Haque
Te22002
Siam
Te22032

Muhammad Shipro Ahmed

Samiul Islam mustakim
Te22053 Shovu
TE22015
Fahim
Te22007

Dept. of Textile Engineering 01

 TABLE OF
Contents

 What is Textile?
 What is the mechanical properties of textile.
 Types of mechanical properties of textile.
 Tensile properties of textile.
 Factors affecting tensile properties.
 Flexural properties of textile.
 Frictional properties of textile
 Torsional properties of textile.
 Mechanical properties of natural and man-made fiber

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 What is Textile?

A textile was originally a woven

fabric, but the term ‘textile’ and
plural ‘textiles’ are now also
applied to fibers, filaments and
yarns natural and manufactured
and most products for which
these are a principal raw
material

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 What is
mechanical
properties of
textile?
Mechanical properties of textile
materials refer to how they
respond to applied forces and
deformation. These properties
are crucial for determining a
textile's suitability for various
applications

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 Types of mechanical
properties
Mechanical
Properties

Tensile Flexural
Frictional Torsional
Propertie Properties Properties
Properties s

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 What is tensile properties
of textile?
Tensile properties are
the behaviors shown by
textile materials for
applying load or tension.
Tensile properties
indicates how a material
will react to the forces
being applied in tension.
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 Tensile properties of
textiles
Breaking Tensile Tenacity
Load Strength

Breaking Work of Elasticity

extension rupture

Elastic Creep Work

Recovery Recovery

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 Tensile properties of
Breaking
textiles Tensile
The Load
load required to Strength
Tensile strength is very important property of
break a specimen is
textile materials which represents the ratio
termed as breaking
between force required to break a specimen
load which is
and cross-sectional area of that specimen.
expressed by
kilogram, gram,
Tensile strength
Breaking
pound, Newton etc.
Extension
Breaking extension is the length of a specimen which extends for
applying load before breaking is known as breaking extension and it is
usually expressed as the percentage.
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 Tensile properties of
textiles Work factor
Work of
The
rupture
energy
Work factor can be defined as the ratio
between work of rupture and the product of
required to break
braking load and breaking elongation
a specimen or
total work done for
breaking a
Elasticity
specimen is
Elasticity is the property by virtue of
termed as work of
which it tends to recover its original
rupture and
size and shape after deformation
expressed by the
unit of joule, Dept. of Textile Engineering 09
 Tensile properties of
textiles Work recovery
Tenacity
Work recovery can be defined as the ratio
Tenacity can be
between work returned during recovery and
defined as the
total work done in total extension
ratio between
breaking load and
linear density of
Creep
specimen which is
Creep is the time-dependent
expressed as the
deformation of a material under
units of gram/tex,
constant load.
gram/denier,
Newton/tex etc. Dept. of Textile Engineering 10
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 Flexural rigidity:

Flexible rigidity refers to the balance between

flexibility and stiffness in a material or structure.

The mathematical term of Flexural rigidity-

Where,
𝐸×𝐼
𝐷= 2 𝐸: Young's modulus.
1− 𝑣
𝐼: Area moment of inertia of the cross-section about the
bending axis
𝜈 : Poisson's ratio
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 Bending recovery

Bending recovery refers to the ability of a material

to return to its original shape or configuration after
being bent or deformed.
Importance of Bending Recovery in Textiles

 Comfort: Fabrics with good bending recovery are less prone to wrinkling, improving
wearability.
 Aesthetic Appeal: Ensures garments retain their original look.
 Durability: High recovery reduces the chances of permanent damage.
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 Bending modulus

Mathematical expression:
Bending modulus is a measure of the
stiffness or resistance of a textile material 𝑀
𝐵=
to bending. It is an essential property in 𝜅
understanding the flexibility, comfort, and
• B: Bending modulus
drapability of fabrics.
• M: Bending moment (force x
distance)
• : Curvature ( Inverse of the
radius of bending

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 Factor affecting flexural properties:

Material Composition: Structural Characteristics:

• Matrix Material: The type of polymer, • Geometry and Dimensions: The thickness
metal, or ceramic matrix influences the and cross-sectional area of the specimen
material's ability to resist bending impact its resistance to bending.
forces.
• Fiber Orientation: Aligned fibers provide
• Reinforcement: The type, orientation, higher flexural strength in the direction of
and distribution of fibers (e.g., glass, alignment.
carbon, or natural fibers) significantly
affect flexural properties
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 Torsional Properties

The behaviors shown by textile fiber, when it is subjected

to twist is known as torsional properties.

Torsional properties of fibers are..

1.Torsional rigidity
2.Breaking twist
3.Shear modulus

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 Torsional rigidity
Torsional rigidity is the resistance of a textile fiber against twisting.
The unit of torsional rigidity is N-mm2, N-m2 etc.

Mathematically, rigidity, Rt = Where,

η = Shape factor
Е = Specific shear modulus
T = Linear density
ρ = Density
Specific torsional rigidity
The specific torsional rigidity is the torsional rigidity of a textile fiber of unit linear density.

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Breaking twist
Breaking twist is the twist for which a textile fiber will
break. Breaking twist can also be defined as the number of
turns or twists required to break a fiber.
So, Breaking twist, Tb ∞ [d = fiber diameter]
Mathematically, Breaking twist angle, α = tan-1 (∏ d Tb)

Breaking twist angle

Where, d = Fiber diameter &
Tb = Breaking twist per unit length of fiber

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Shear modulus
Shear modulus can be defined as the ratio between shear
stress and shear strain.
So, Shear modulus =

Shear strain is usually measured in radian.

Shear modulus of a fiber is expressed as kN/mm 2.
For example, shear modulus of wool is 1.3 kN/mm 2.

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Importance of torsional properties in textiles

1. Strength and Durability

2. Yarn Quality
3. Fabric Appearance
4. Comfort

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 Factors affecting torsional properties

Torsional properties refer to a material's ability to resist twisting or

torsional stress. These properties are crucial in mechanical
applications where components experience torque. Several factors
influence the torsional properties of a material:

1.Material Composition
2. Microstructure 29

3. Temperature
4. Heat Treatment
5. Length of the Shaft
6. Environmental Factors

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 Factors affecting torsional properties
1. Material Composition
• The type of material (e.g. metals, composites, polymers) significantly affects
torsional properties.
• Alloying elements, impurities, and grain structure can enhance or reduce
torsional strength and ductility.

2. Microstructure
• Grain size: Smaller grains typically increase torsional strength due to better
grain boundary resistance.
• Phase distribution: The presence of hard and soft phases can alter how the
material reacts to torsional stress. 30

3.Temperature
• High temperatures can decrease torsional strength and increase ductility
(softening effect).
• Low temperatures can make materials brittle, reducing their ability to resist
torsion without fracture.

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 Factors affecting torsional properties

4. Heat Treatment
• Processes such as annealing, quenching, and tempering can alter a
material's torsional strength and toughness.

5. Length of the Shaft

• Longer shafts twist more under the same torque compared to shorter
ones, reducing their torsional stiffness.

6. Environmental Factors
• Corrosion and oxidation can weaken the material and reduce its torsional
resistance. 31

• Exposure to aggressive environments (chemicals, moisture) accelerates

degradation. Understanding these factors is essential in designing materials
and components for specific applications that involve torsional stresses.

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 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers

Tensile Strength
• Ability to withstand pulling
forces before breaking.
• Range: 100 MPa (Coir) to 1500
MPa (Flax).
Young’s Modulus
• Indicates fiber stiffness 32

(resistance to deformation).
• Range: 4 GPa (Coir) to 110 GPa
(Ramie).

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 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers

Elongation at Break
• Measure of fiber flexibility and
ductility.
• Range: 1.2% (Flax) to 35% (Wool).
Density
• Mass per unit volume of the fiber.
• Range: 1.2 g/cm³ (Coir) to 1.6 g/cm³
33

(Ramie).

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Examples of Man-Made Fibers and Their Mechanical
Properties:

• Polyester: High strength, good elasticity, and excellent

resistance to abrasion and chemicals.
• Nylon: High strength, good elasticity, and high abrasion
resistance.
• Acrylic: Good elasticity, soft hand feel, and resistance to
sunlight and chemicals.
34

• Rayon: Good moisture absorption, soft hand feel, and

moderate strength.

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Mechanical Properties of Man Made
Fibers

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THANK YOU